https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/355 2026-04-04T12:33:53Z https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/120308 Title: Deep ocean warming-induced El Niño changes Authors: Kim, Geon-Il; Oh, Ji-Hoon; Shin, Na-Yeon; An, Soon-Il; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Shin, Jongsoo; Kug, Jong-Seong Abstract: The deep ocean, a vast thermal reservoir, absorbs excess heat under greenhouse warming, which ultimately regulates the Earth’s surface climate. Even if CO2 emissions are successfully reduced, the stored heat will gradually be released, resulting in a particular pattern of ocean warming. Here, we show that deep ocean warming will lead to El Niño-like ocean warming and resultant increased precipitation in the tropical eastern Pacific with southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone. Consequently, the El Niño-Southern Oscillation shifts eastward, intensifying Eastern Pacific El Niño events. In particular, the deep ocean warming could increase convective extreme El Niño events by 40 to 80% relative to the current climate. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic greenhouse warming will have a prolonged impact on El Niño variability through delayed deep ocean warming, even if CO2 stabilization is achieved. © The Author(s) 2024. 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/121165 Title: Comparison of urinary exposure profiles to phthalates and bisphenol analogues in kindergartens in Korea: Impact of environmental choices on children's health Authors: Jeong, Yunsun; Mok, Sori; Kim, Sunmi; Lee, Inae; Lee, Gowoon; Kho, Younglim; Choi, Kyungho; Kim, Ki-Tae; Moon, Hyo-Bang Abstract: Phthalates and bisphenols (BPs) are well-known endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are widely used in diverse consumer and personal care products. Despite their vulnerability, children are frequently exposed to phthalates and BPs in their surrounding environments. Although pre-school children spend most of their time in kindergarten, no comprehensive assessment of children’ exposure to EDCs has been conducted according to the type of kindergarten. In this study, the urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and BPs were determined in Korean children attending conventional and eco-friendly kindergartens. The exposure levels and contaminant profiles were investigated according to kindergarten type and their association with oxidative stress was assessed. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, such as mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (median: 47.1 ng/mL) and mono-[(2-carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (8.45 ng/mL) had the highest levels, indicating that they were the primary contaminants to which the children were exposed. Urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A (BPA) were higher in children from conventional kindergarten than an eco-friendly kindergarten. Conversely, bisphenol S (BPS) concentrations were significantly higher in children from the eco-friendly kindergarten than in those from conventional kindergartens, implying that eco-friendly plastic products might contain BPS as a replacement for BPA. The estimated daily intakes of BPA for all children exceeded the new tolerable daily intake proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Malondialdehyde levels were significantly associated with the urinary concentrations of certain phthalate metabolites, indicating potential adverse health outcomes from phthalate exposure in children. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce EDC exposure in children, especially in settings where alternative chemicals may still pose health risks. © 2024 The Authors 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/121177 Title: Role of the Warm Arctic Cold Eurasian-like pattern on the near future warming rate of East Asian surface temperature Authors: Oh, Sae-Yoon; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Park, In-Hong; Yoo, Changhyun; Moon, Byung-Kwon Abstract: Internal climate variability (ICV) plays an important role in either accelerating or slowing down the rate of surface temperature warming in East Asia in the near future. To examine the influence of ICV on East Asian surface temperature in the near future, we mainly analyzed the data sets obtained from Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble model simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario. It is found that the ICV associated with the so-called Warm Arctic-Cold Eurasian (WACE)-like pattern contributes to the near-future warming rate of East Asian surface temperature. Similar results are also obtained from large ensemble model simulations participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5-8.5 scenario. This implies that the near-term warming rate in East Asia could vary depending on how the climate model simulates the WACE-like pattern, indicating that the ability to accurately simulate ICV in climate models is crucial for future climate mitigation and adaptation policies. 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/erica/handle/2021.sw.erica/120864 Title: Processes Driving the Intermodel Spread of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley Circulation Expansion in CMIP6 Models Authors: Hur, Ije; Yoo, Changhyun; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Kim, Young-Ha; Seo, Kyong-Hwan Abstract: The Hadley circulation (HC) has been expanding poleward in recent decades. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models predict that the expansion will accelerate in the future, more so in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). However, the extent of the expansion varies widely among the models. We investigate the mechanisms driving the intermodel spread in SH HC expansion predictions. The intermodel spread is obtained by an empirical orthogonal function analysis on the SH HC trend patterns of 16 CMIP6 model simulations using the historical and shared socioeconomic pathway 5–8.5 scenarios. The leading mode, showing a mean meridional stream function anomaly at the poleward SH HC extent, explains 49.73% of the variance and significantly correlates (r = 0.94) with the SH HC expansion. By analyzing the extended Kuo-Eliassen equation, we find that the intermodel difference in the representation of diabatic heating is responsible for about 14% of the intermodel spread. The meridional eddy momentum and heat fluxes contribute to about 21% and 18% of the intermodel spread, respectively. The models simulating a relatively large SH HC expansion tend to show increased precipitation in the Southern Pacific Convergence Zone, reduced baroclinic instability in the subtropics, and an enhanced poleward shift of jet stream in the midlatitudes. This suggests that the uncertainty in the HC projection may be constrained by reducing the bias in the trend of the mean fields. © 2024 The Author(s). 2024-11-01T00:00:00Z