한국의 기업가정신 활동: 2013년 글로벌기업가정신연구(GEM)를 중심으로 국제비교

Abstract

This paper have analyzed an International Comparison of entrepreneurship in Korea using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2013 data. Seventy countries that are categorized into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven economies, participated in the GEM 2013 project. Each participating country administers an adult population survey(APS) of at least 2,000 individuals from 18-64 years old and a national expert survey (NES) of at least 36 national experts under the guidance of GERA. We surveyed 2,000 individuals from 18-64 years old and 95 national experts for GEM 2013 data collection in Korea. According to APS in Korea, total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) level in 2013 is 6.9% of the adult population, which is higher than 6.6% of 2012. Compared with the innovation-driven economies, Korea ranks 16th among 26 countries in terms of TEA, while the nation ranks 10th among 24 countries in 2012. The increase in TEA comes from the fact that the necessity-driven TEA has increased considerably while the opportunity-driven TEA has decreased a little bit. NES in Korea shows that compared with the innovation-driven economies, Korea has an outstanding government support policies, governmental programs, market openness, physical infrastructure, social & cultural norms, abilities and knowledge to start up, R&D transfer and intellectual property rights in terms of entrepreneurial framework conditions (EFC's). In contrast, finance, education & training, the commercial & professional infrastructure, opportunities to start up, and young and women’s support to start up have been shown to be inferior in the past years. The paper suggests seven policy implications: First, the education and supportive system focusing global oriented paradigm are necessary for the innovative entrepreneurship to create global market and new customers. Second, institutional reform needs to be made to eliminate the fear of failure for the startup founders to effectively encourage and boost entrepreneurial activity. Thirds, the sub-infrastructure for serving entrepreneurial activities such as finance, professional service and business network need to be improved. Fourth, the entrepreneurship education and supportive methodology for attracting much more youth and women entrepreneurs are required so that they would be able to take sufficient entrepreneurial opportunities and absorb appropriate know-hows for managing businesses before they start a business. Fifth, the entrepreneurship employe activity which enables to create more viable eco-system of TEA need to be facilitated in order to grow the opportunity-driven entrepreneurship of growth opportunity oriented: Entrepreneurial Employee Activity (EEA), intrapreneurship. Sixth, the viable policy must be considered for migrant entrepreneurship as an avenue for exploring the markets globally. Last, careful attention needs to be paid to the well-being (happiness or satisfaction) of startup founders and entrepreneurial individuals as a mean for stabilizing the long term objectives for entrepreneurial activities.