Scraps to superior anodes for Li-ion batteries: Sustainable and scalable upgrading of waste rust
- Authors
- Salunkhe, T.T.; Varma, R.S.; Kadam, A.N.; Lee, Sang-Wha; Lee, Young-Chul; Hur, Jaehyun; Kim, Il Tae
- Issue Date
- May-2021
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER
- Keywords
- Full cell; Gaseous bubble template; Lithium-ion battery; Scraped rust; Sustainable recycling
- Citation
- Journal of Hazardous Materials, v.410
- Journal Title
- Journal of Hazardous Materials
- Volume
- 410
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/80828
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124571
- ISSN
- 0304-3894
- Abstract
- The abundant iron rust of no value generated from industrial scraps presents environmental problem and burden. Chemical etching and related methods deployed to convert rust into α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, however, have serious shortcomings namely higher chemical consumption and generation of secondary pollution. In an unprecedented illustration, herein the intercalation of ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) as a gaseous bubble template into bulky iron rust is described; formation of ammonium iron carbonate hydroxide hydrate and the reduction of particle size using a simple ball milling method followed by calcination is accomplished. The salient features of ABC, optimization of ratios (rust: ABC), and the ideal calcination temperature were optimized for attaining desirable properties of meso-α-Fe2O3 NPs. The electrode obtained at 500 °C delivered a superior reversible capacity of 1,055 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 100 cycles, which is comparable to the best performance reported for meso-α-Fe2O3 NPs. The superior electrochemical performance is ascribed to the porous nature of meso-α-Fe2O3 NPs maximizing the surface area, ensuring good charge transfer kinetics and enhanced pseudocapacitive contribution. Thus, we believe that the high-energy ball milling (HEBM) process represents a novel route for the scalable recycling of iron rust scraps for promoting the sustainable production of lithium-ion batteries. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
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