Botulinum neurotoxin injection for treating plunged nose and post-rhinoplasty: anatomical perspectives of depressor septi nasi, nasalis, leveator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle

Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection for the treating plunged nose, post-rhinopasty and hyaluronic fillermigration is common procedures in clinical settings. However, the lack of thorough anatomical understanding makes itdifficult to locate the nose region muscles. The anatomical considerations concerned with BoNT injection into the nasalis,levator labii superioris alaeque, and depressor septi nasi muscles were reviewed in this study. The injection spots have beenpresented for the nasalis, levator labii superioris alaeque, and depressor septi nasi muscles, with the recommended injectiontechnique for each muscle. We have suggested the ideal injection sites in association with outer anatomical landmarks of thenose region. Moreover, these proposals would support a more accurate procedure of BoNT injection in relieving plungednose, preventing post-rhinoplasty deviation, and migration of the hyaluronic acid filler.