Immune-Enhancing Effects of Marine Algae Extracts: Modulation of Macrophage Activation by <i>Sargassum horneri</i>, <i>Sargassum fusiforme</i>, and <i>Undaria pinnatifida</i>

Abstract

The immune system acts as a defense mechanism against foreign antigens. Impairment of the immune system leads to the development of chronic diseases such as respiratory infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegeneration. Macrophages, natural scavengers that are part of innate immunity, are known to directly participate in scavenging foreign antigens. The functional modulation of macrophages could be an effective treatment for pathogens. Seaweeds are marine macroalgae known to exhibit multiple bioactive properties. Thus, this study evaluated the immune-enhancing properties of marine brown algae extracts of Sargassum horneri (SH), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), and Sargassum fusiforme (SF) on murine macrophage cells. The results showed that all three algal extracts stimulated cell proliferation. SH and UP outshined SF in enhancing the expression levels of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 at almost all the concentrations tested as compared to SF which showed similar effects only at 200 or 400 mu g/mL. A similar trend was seen in TNF-alpha, NO, and PGE2 production. Additionally, only SH and SF could enhance the mRNA expression levels of IL-12, and only SH upregulated the mRNA expression level of IL-10. The algal extracts also enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophages at 50-400 mu g/mL for SH and 100-400 mu g/mL for UP and SF. In conclusion, we found that these algal extracts could be considered immunomodulators that enhance the functional activity of macrophages.