Effects of bisphenol A on reproduction, oxidative stress, and lipid regulation in the marine rotifer <i>Brachionus plicatilis</i>

Abstract

This study reports the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis , focusing on growth performance, reproductive output, oxidative stress responses, and lipid metabolism genes. High BPA levels disrupted peak daily offspring production and led to oxidative stress and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The research identified distinctive monoacylglycerol O -acyltransferase ( MGAT ) and diacylglycerol O - acyltransferase ( DGAT ) genes in B. plicatilis , B. rotundiformis , and B. koreanus , enhancing understanding of lipid metabolism in these species. BPA exposure significantly altered MGAT and DGAT expression, and feeding status affected these regulatory patterns. When food was unavailable, BPA reduced DGAT2 and MGAT2a expression. However, under feeding conditions, DGAT2 and MGAT1 levels increased, indicating that nutritional status and BPA exposure interact to affect gene expression.