Periodontitis Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Koreans: Results from the Yangpyeong Cohort Study

Abstract

Objectives To investigate the association between periodontitis and cognitive impairment in elderly Koreans.

Design Cross-sectional study with age- and sex-matched case–control selection.

Setting The Yangpyeong cardiovascular cohort (YCC), a part of the Korean Genome Epidemiologic Study (KoGES), Yangpyeong, South Korea.

Participants Individuals with cognitive impairment (n = 65) and cognitively normal controls (n = 124) aged 60 and older from the YCC.

Measurements Alveolar bone loss was assessed on dental panoramic radiographs to categorize the cumulative history of periodontitis (HOP) into three groups: normal, moderate periodontitis, severe periodontitis. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to categorize participants as cognitively normal or cognitively impaired. Age- and sex-matched conditional logistic regression models were used for analysis. Confounders considered in the analysis were age, sex, drinking, smoking, exercise, total cholesterol, total protein, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, intima-media thickness, hypertension medication, and depression.

Results Participants with HOP were more likely to have cognitive impairment than those without (odds ratio = 2.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–4.41). The interaction effect of smoking and exercise on periodontitis highlighted the link.

Conclusion Periodontitis was independently associated with cognitive impairment after controlling for various confounders. Further longitudinal research is needed to determine whether periodontitis plays a role in cognitive decline in older adults.