Combination of 1,4-naphthoquinone with benzothiazoles had selective algicidal effects against harmful algae

Abstract

A series of naphthoquinone-benzothiazole conjugates were synthesized as algicides, and their efficacies against harmful algal blooming species, such as Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, were examined. The introduction of substituted benzothiazole at the C2 position of 1,4-naphthoquinone (compounds 1-9) resulted in higher algicidal activity against C. polykrikoides than the C6 conjugates (compounds 10-20). On the other hand, of the C6 conjugates, compounds 11 and 12 exhibited better algicidal activity against H. akashiwo, C. marina, and C. polykrikoides than the C2 conjugates. Further structure-activity analysis indicated that a replacement of the methoxy groups with hydroxyl groups (compounds 21-26) decreased the algicidal activity significantly. Among the various synthetic naphthoquinonebezothiazole conjugates tested, compound 12 was found to affect the most significant decrease in the level of C. polykrikoides growth, with an IC50 of 0.19 mu M. Compound 11 was found to be the most potent inhibitor against H. akashiwo and C. polykrikoides, with IC50 values of 0.32 and 0.12 mu M, respectively. Overall, these results highlight a possible method for controlling and inhibiting red tide forming algae using NQ derivatives.