Hepatitis C virus Core protein overcomes all-trans retinoic acid-induced cell growth arrest by inhibiting retinoic acid receptor-beta(2) expression via DNA methylation

Abstract

Aberrant promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes including retinoic acid receptor-beta(2) (RAR-beta(2)) is frequently detected in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma; however, the mechanism and its significance are relatively unknown. Here, we showed that HCV Core induced promoter hypermethylation of RAR-beta(2) to inhibit its expression via up-regulation of DNA methyltransferases 1 and 3b. Under the condition, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) failed to activate p16 expression and thus could not inactivate the Rb-E2F pathway. Accordingly, Core-expressing cells exhibited resistance to ATRA-induced growth inhibition. Taken together, HCV Core antagonizes ATRA, a natural anti-cancer compound, to stimulate cell growth via epigenetic down-regulation of RAR-beta(2).