Sex differences in gastrointestinal dysfunction among patients with Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Background and objective: Sex differences in gastrointestinal dysfunction have not been systematically analyzed in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study was aimed to investigate the sex differences in gastrointestinal dysfunctions among the patients with PD using a multicenter trial dataset. Methods: We analyzed the baseline data of prospectively enrolled set of patients with gastrointestinal dysfunctions. Possible sex differences in gastrointestinal symptoms assessed on the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean Version (NDI-K), gastrointestinal symptom diary, and Bristol stool scale were analyzed in association with clinical PD severity and antiparkinsonian drug dosages by multiple linear regression models. We also performed post hoc analysis of the dyspepsia symptom sub-items, adjusting for multiple comparisons. Results: Sixty-six of the 144 participants were female (45.8%). There were no differences in age, PD duration, Hoehn and Yahr stage, and daily dopaminergic medication dosages between sexes. NDI-K symptom and dyspepsia scores were correlated with the activity of daily living in females but not in males. In the multiple regression analysis controlling for all possible variables, female patients were shown to have worse gastrointestinal symptoms than males. When we performed post hoc analysis of the dyspepsia symptoms, inability to finish a regular meal and nausea were significantly worse in female patients. Gastrointestinal symptom diary supported that female patients more frequently complained of early fullness and bloating in the upper abdomen after meals than males, and burning pain in upper abdomen was more severe in female patients. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal dysfunctions may differentially affect female and male PD patients.