Downstream recovery of Li and value-added metals (Ni, Co, and Mn) from leach liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries using a membrane-integrated hybrid system
- Authors
- Kumar, Ramesh; Liu, Cheongjia; Ha, Geon-Soo; Park, Young-Kwon; Ali, Khan Moonis; Jang, Min; Kim, Sang-Hyoun; Amin, Mohammed A; Gacem, Amel; Jeon, Byong-Hun
- Issue Date
- Nov-2022
- Publisher
- Elsevier B.V.
- Keywords
- Lithium recovery; Lithium-ion battery; Membrane-integrated hybrid system; Nanofiltration; Sustainable technology
- Citation
- Chemical Engineering Journal, v.447, pp.1 - 12
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- Chemical Engineering Journal
- Volume
- 447
- Start Page
- 1
- End Page
- 12
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/191182
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137507
- ISSN
- 1385-8947
- Abstract
- The end-of-life management of a large number of discarded lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) has become a global issue because of the steady increase in their usage every year. In this study, a novel membrane-integrated hybrid system was developed for recycling commercially valuable metals while treating acidic leach liquor obtained from spent LiBs (mostly LiFePO4 type). Alkaline (NaOH and NH4OH)-pretreated leach liquor (pH adjusted to 5.53) was ultrafiltered to ensure the effective removal of Fe and Al and reduce the turbidity (∼1.6 NTU) prior to processing in a nanofiltration system. The nanofiltration membrane (VNF2) was applied successfully to obtain the rejection values of 92.5% (Ni2+), 94.6% (Co2+), and 95.8% (Mn2+) while permeating > 89.6% of Li+ with 7.5 L/m2·h of flux under optimized conditions of transmembrane pressure (10 bar) and crossflow rate (2.25 m3/h) in the recirculation mode. The fractionation of monovalent ions from bivalent ions was performed in a concentrated mode to enrich the bivalent metal ions, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ from 0.74, 0.52, and 0.63 g/L to 6.14, 4.59, 5.62 g/L, respectively, at 90% recovery of the feed solution. The Li+ (21.1 g/L) that was contained in the nanofiltrate permeate stream was crystallized into Li2CO3; a purity of 99.5 wt% was obtained at 88.2% recovery using 4 M K2CO3 at an operating temperature of 70 °C. Hence, the proposed novel system can lead to the development of a clean and sustainable process for the recycling of precious metal ions from end-of-life LiBs for reuse on a commercial scale.
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