A Diagnostic Toolkit for Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Selected ASEAN Countries

Abstract

This study develops a diagnostic toolkit designed to evaluate innovation systems in developing nations, featuring 17 indicators across six categories based on national innovation systems theories and the system failure framework, with a focus on reflexivity and demand articulation issues. The toolkit was tested in three ASEAN countries-Cambodia, Indonesia, and Thailand-using China and Korea as benchmarks. Its innovative approach lies in offering benchmarks and targets through comparisons with peer countries' positions and outlining potential pathways. The research utilizes a heatmap dashboard to contrast the innovation performance of each country against the average of its income group, integrating these findings into a country gap profile. This profile aids in crafting innovation policy recommendations tailored to a country's specific developmental needs and innovation system characteristics. The study significantly contributes to scientometric literature by introducing a practical, theory-based indicator system for innovation policy aimed at developing countries and enhances understanding of national innovation systems, particularly in the under-researched ASEAN context.