韓漢音的分期與中古到現代的演變

Abstract

「韓漢音」是漢字的韓語讀音。本文首先探討韓漢音的分期、層次、母胎方言和其時期問題。本文提出將韓漢音分成古代、中古、近代和現代四個時期的依據。為了有效地比較韓漢音與韓語和漢語，本文還建議將古代韓語以七世紀為基準劃分為早期古代韓語和晚期古代韓語。本文還介紹韓漢音層次和母胎方言問題。韓漢音以漢語中古音為基準層次可分為比它早的層次和比它晚的層次。韓漢音母胎方言是七、八世紀漢語中古音。本文還重點分析從中古韓漢音到現代韓漢音音系的主要演變過程。在上古韓漢音時期還沒有完全確立音位地位的送氣音、輔音韻尾、聲調等語音特徵在中古韓漢音時期逐漸定型。中古韓漢音還保持七、八世紀中古漢語四等、重紐等音韻特點。到十六世紀末中古韓漢音的聲調完全消失。十七世紀初是中古和近代韓漢音的轉捩點。在十八、十九世紀韓漢音大量發生齒齦音顎化。近代韓漢音的顎化現象與近代漢語顎化走的是不同路線，因此可知它是韓語內部變化。在二十世紀現代韓漢音，部分母音消失，而且部分二合母音變成單母音。現代韓漢音比過去略有簡化。

The main goal of this article is twofold. The first is to present the grounds for periodization, layers, and the origin of Sino-Korean, Korean readings of Chinese characters. The second is to discuss major changes in the phonological systems from Middle Sino-Korean to Modern Sino-Korean. This article claims that aspirated consonants, consonantal codas, and tones became phonemic in Middle Sino-Korean, which is claimed to be the closest to seventh to eighth century Middle Chinese. Middle Sino-Korean is notable because it preserved the distinctions of the Middle Chinese four divisions, děng, and doublets, chóngniŭ, unlike many Chinese dialects. Middle Sino-Korean tones were lost by the end of the sixteenth century, which was followed by pre modern Sino-Korean. Alveolar palatalization took place during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It underwent different paths from the alveolar palatalization in Old Mandarin. Beginning from the twentieth century, Modern Sino-Korean faced the loss of a low back vowel [ʌ]. At the same time, monophthongization occurred in four diphthongs, [ai], [ei], [oi], and [wi].