Recent advances and field-deployable applications of nanomaterial-based sensors for the targeted PFAS detection

Abstract

The persistence and bioaccumulative nature of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant hazards to health and the environment. Consequently, the accurate detection of trace PFAS in complex environmental samples remains a major analytical hurdle. This review synthesizes recent advancements in nanomaterial-based sensing systems for PFAS, focusing on photonic, electrochemical, and optical sensing principles. To achieve scalable and field-deployable sensing systems, enormous efforts have been made to assess the suitability of a diverse range of nanomaterials, including plasmonic nanostructures, functionalized two-dimensional (2D) materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), hybrid nanocomposites, carbon dots, biodegradable materials, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles. Particular emphasis has been placed on key sensor performance metrics, such as detection limits, selectivity, response time, and operational stability, as well as the underlying mechanisms of material–analyte interaction. The review also highlights recent progress in multi-modal sensing, surface functionalization, and scalable fabrication approaches. The discussion concludes by exploring the potential for these nanoplatform-based sensors to transition from laboratory research to practical applications in real-time environmental monitoring, on-site detection, and regulatory compliance.