现代汉语“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”的对比研究

Abstract

本文结合语料分析与理论梳理，回应了两大研究问题：其一，明确了这两个结构在时制、体貌、情态的异同；其二，描写了一些句子中“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”可互换的表现，厘清了这两个结构可互换的条件与原因。具体结论如下： 第一，“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”这两种结构都可以出现在过去、现在和将来的语境中，这是它们的共同点。不过，具体来看，在不同的时制语境中，这两种结构所受到的制约条件存在差异。“不+V+着”继承了“不”的泛时性特征，常与“总、永远、整天”等泛时状语共现，可自由用于现在或将来时间语境，其用于过去时往往需要结合情态副词或频率副词表示行为主体的主观意愿、刻意选择或一贯习惯；“没+V+着”延续了“没”的已然性特征，主要用于过去或现在已发生的语境，表将来用法受严格限制，仅能出现在“前假设+后结果”的假设句中，“没+V+着”结构要运用在假设分句中做前提，并且动词需为状态动词。第二，“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”结构在体貌上的共同点在于，这两种结构中动词位置所能出现的动词，其词汇意义都属于状态类情状或活动类情状。另一方面，本文进一步加以细致分析并发现，二者在体貌上也存在一定的差异。“不+V+着”具有“否定行为继续进行”“否定状态持续保持”与“否定状态存在”的意义；“没+V+着”具有“否定进入某种状态”“否定动作发生”与“否定可能短暂发生过的动作或状态的持续”的意义。“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”的语义差异反映了“不”与“没”在体意义上的差异，“不”指向体意义内部的持续与存在，“没”侧重对事件实现、动作或状态持续的否定。第三，“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”结构存在情态差异。“不+V+着”常用于非现实句，表达主观意愿、习惯或态度的否定；“没+V+着”常用于现实句，客观陈述状态未存续的事实。最后，“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”结构有时还可以进行替换而句子意义基本不变。这两个结构可互换的条件是，结构中的动词需为状态维持类、感知认知类、动作指向类或持有留存类，且语境中时间参照模糊、情态表达中性化。可以说，阶段性谓语+模糊时间参照+情态中性化，共同消解了“不+V+着”与“没+V+着”在时制、体貌、情态上的对立，这是这两种结构可以互换的深层动因。

The constructions “bu + V + zhe” and “mei + V + zhe” in Modern Chinese are superficially similar but functionally distinct negative structures. Drawing on corpus data, this study offers a contrastive analysis of their semantic differences and commonalities by integrating the categories of tense, aspect, and modality. The findings indicate that both constructions occur in past, present, and future contexts. However, “bu + V + zhe” displays a temporally unconstrained tendency and is predominantly used in present and future contexts; in past contexts, it typically co-occurs with modal and frequency adverbs. In contrast, “mei + V + zhe” is associated with experiential or realized situations and occurs mainly in past and present contexts, with only limited use in future contexts, typically in conditional clauses. Aspectually, the former negates the continuation or maintenance of a state or action, whereas the latter negates both the persistence of a state and the inception of an action. Both constructions exhibit similar selectional preferences in that the verbs in the V position are predominantly stative and activity predicates. In terms of modality, “bu + V + zhe” primarily conveys subjective and irrealis negation, whereas “mei + V + zhe” expresses objective and realis negation. The two constructions may be interchangeable under specific conditions when combined with stative or cognitive verbs; this interchangeability can be attributed to the structural compatibility of stage-level stative predicates, modal neutralization, and ambiguity in reference time. This study thus systematizes the functional differentiation between the two constructions.