Monitoring of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds in two major traffic tunnels in Seoul, Korea

Abstract

To describe the fundamental aspects of air quality in tunnel environments, field campaigns were conducted to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and some criteria pollutants from two tunnel sites of Nam San (NS) and Hong Ji (HJ) gates in Seoul, Korea. The total PAH values (ng m(-3)) for the NS tunnel (137.8 ± 10.9) were notably higher than the HJ counterpart (91.3 ± 7.82), while the total VOC exhibited a reversed pattern with a notable enhancement in the HJ tunnel (178.5 ± 174.7 ppbC) relative to the NS tunnel (112.5 ± 64.1 ppbC). A line of evidence, including the molecular diagnostic ratios of PAHs, indicates the relative dominance of diesel vehicles in the NS tunnel compared to the HJ site. The PAHs with high ring numbers (n ˃ 6, such as benzo(g, h, i) perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene) were preferentially enriched in the particle phase, whereas their low ring number counterparts (n = 2-3) were in the gas phase. The results of our study suggest the possibility that the relative source processes for each tunnel site are characterized by the relative dominance of either diesel (NS) or gasoline-powered vehicles (HJ).