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폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사

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dc.contributor.author유근주-
dc.contributor.author정청흔-
dc.date.accessioned2024-08-28T02:52:20Z-
dc.date.available2024-08-28T02:52:20Z-
dc.date.issued2024-07-
dc.identifier.urihttp://scholarworks.bwise.kr/neca/handle/2023.sw.neca/292-
dc.description.abstract평가배경 D-이합체(이하 ‘D-dimer’) 검사는 심부정맥혈전증, 폐색전증 등 혈전 관련 질환 의심 환자 및 파종성혈관내응고 의심 환자를 대상으로 D-dimer를 정성・반정량(역가)・정량으로 측정하여 해당 질환을 진단하고 추적 관찰하기 위한 검사이다. 신의료기술평가제도 도입 이전 급여로 등재되었고, 2021년 D-이합체 간이검사가 추가되었다. 내부 모니터링을 통해 발굴되었으며, 2023년 제6차 의료기술재평가위원회(2023.6.2.)에서 의료기술재평가가 필요한 안건으로 심의를 받았다. 동 평가는 폐색전증 의심 환자를 대상으로 폐색전증 진단을 위해 시행하는 D-dimer 검사의 임상적 안전성 및 효과성에 대한 의과학적 근거평가를 통해 보건의료자원의 효율적 사용을 위한 정책적 의사결정을 지원하고자 하였다. 평가방법 폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사의 안전성 및 효과성을 재평가하기 위하여 체계적 문헌고찰을 수행하였다. 모든 평가방법은 평가목적을 고려하여 “폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사에 대한 안전성 및 효과성 평가 소위원회” 논의를 거쳐 확정하였다. 소위원회 구성은 심장내과 1인, 호흡기내과 1인, 혈관외과 1인, 심장혈관흉부외과 1인, 진단검사의학과 1인, 근거기반의학 1인 총 6인으로 구성하였다. 핵심질문은 “D-dimer 검사는 폐색전증 의심환자의 폐색전증 진단에 있어 임상적으로 안전하고 효과적인가?”이었고, 안전성은 검사 관련 이상반응을, 효과성은 진단정확성을 지표로 평가하였다. 체계적 문헌고찰은 핵심질문을 토대로 국외 3개, 국내 3개 데이터베이스에서 검색하였으며, 문헌 선정과정은 문헌선택 및 배제기준에 따라 2명의 검토자가 독립적으로 수행하고, 의견의 불일치가 있는 경우에는 검토자간 합의를 통해 최종 논문을 결정하였다. 문헌의 비뚤림위험 평가는 Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies-2 (QUADAS-2)를 사용하여 평가하였으며, 최종 선택문헌을 대상으로 2명의 검토자가 독립적으로 평가를 실시하였으며, 의견이 불일치한 경우 검토자간 합의를 통해 일치된 결과를 도출하였다. 모든 자료는 연구단위로 추출하였다. 진단정확성은 STATA/MP 18.0을 이용하여 메타분석을 시행하였다. 평가결과 체계적 문헌고찰 결과, 총 140편(진단법평가연구 134편, 환자-대조군연구 6편)을 선정하였다. 연구대상자는 원인을 설명할 수 없는 흉통, 호흡곤란 등의 증상이 갑자기 발생하거나 악화된 폐색전증 의심환자 총 81,686명(25~6,655명)이었다. 이 중 참고표준검사를 통해 폐색전증을 진단받은 환자는 11,492명(4~455명)으로 폐색전증 유병률(Prevalence)은 14.1%였다. 특정 질환군을 대상으로 한 문헌은 18편으로 암 환자 5편, 임신 또는 출산 후 6주 이내 여성 5편, 만성폐쇄성폐질환 2편, 안정형 협심증 1편, 급성 심근경색 1편, 폐렴 1편, 결핵성 흉막삼출 1편, 중환자실 입원환자 1편, 정형외과 수술환자 1편이었다. 비뚤림위험 평가결과, 환자선택 영역 및 적용성 영역에서 비뚤림위험 ‘높음’이 가장 많았다. 안전성 안전성은 검사 관련 이상반응을 확인하고자 하였으나 이를 보고한 문헌은 없었다. 효과성 전체 환자에 대한 D-dimer 검사 진단정확성는 총 122편에서 보고하였다. D-dimer 정성검사(10편, 6,724명)는 통합 민감도(Sensitivity, 이하 ‘Sn’) 0.84, 통합 특이도(Specificity, 이하 ‘Sp’) 0.57, 통합 곡선하면적(Area under the curve, 이하 ‘AUC’) 0.76이었고, 유병률 3.76% 기준 양성예측도(Positive predictive value, 이하 ‘PPV’) 0.09, 음성예측도(Negative predictive value, 이하 ‘NPV’) 0.99였다. D-dimer 반정량검사(12편, 2,361명)는 통합 Sn 0.90, 통합 Sp 0.44, 통합 AUC 0.71이었고, 유병률 18.2% 기준 PPV 0.26, NPV 0.95였다. D-dimer 정량검사(107편, 69,621명)는 통합 Sn 0.98, 통합 Sp 0.35, 통합 AUC 0.86이었고, 유병률 2.0% 기준 PPV 0.03, NPV 1.00이었다. D-dimer 간이검사(1편, 40명)는 Sn 1.00, Sp 0.37, PPV 0.25, NPV 1.000이었다. 참고표준검사별 진단정확성은 D-dimer 정성검사, D-dimer 반정량검사, D-dimer 정량검사에서 모두 민감도가 높고 특이도가 낮은 경향성이 있었다. 특정 질환군에 대한 D-dimer 검사 진단정확성은 총 19편에서 보고하였다. 암 환자에 대한 D-dimer 검사 진단정확성(7편, 1,871명)은 통합 Sn 0.98, 통합 Sp 0.33, 통합 AUC 0.88이었고, 유병률 18.2% 기준 PPV 0.25, NPV 0.99였다. 임신 또는 출산 후 6주 이내 산욕기 여성에 대한 D-dimer 검사 진단정확성(5편, 439명)은 통합 Sn 0.94, 통합 Sp 0.32, 통합 AUC 0.85이었고, 유병률 8.0% 기준 PPV 0.11, NPV 0.98이었다. 결론 및 제언 소위원회는 현재 문헌에 근거하여 폐색전증에서 D-dimer 검사의 안전성 및 효과성 결과를 다음과 같이 제시하였다. D-dimer 검사는 폐색전증 진단에 있어 체외검사로 검사 수행에 따른 안전성에는 문제가 없고, 정성검사, 반정량검사, 정량검사, 간이검사에서 모두 통합민감도와 음성예측도가 높아 폐색전증 진단을 위해 영상검사가 필요한 환자를 선별하는 검사로 효과적이고, 통합특이도가 낮아 폐색전증을 배제(rule out)하는 검사로써 유용한 기술로 판단하였다. D-dimer 검사의 ‘사용’과 관련해서 ① 환자병력이나 임상증상 외 객관적인 자료로 D-dimer 검사가 필요한 점, ② 혈전이 작을 경우 영상검사로 발견하지 못할 수 있어 영상검사 결과만으로 폐색전증을 배제하기 어려운 점, ③ 영상검사 장비가 없는 병원에서 색전증으로 전원 여부를 판단할 경우, ④ 임상의 입장에서 폐색전증 진단을 놓쳤을 때 책임 소재로 여러 검사를 종합하여 폐색전증을 배제해야 하는 점 등의 임상상황으로 인해 국외 가이드라인과 달리 폐색전증 가능성이 높은 환자에서 영상검사 전 D-dimer 검사를 시행한다는 의견이었다. 국내 임상현장에서는 폐색전증 또는 심부정맥혈전증을 의심할 만한 요인이 없는 경우에도 무분별하게 D-dimer를 검사하고 D-dimer 가양성 결과가 불필요한 영상검사로 이어져 고가의 의료비 지출을 초래하는 문제가 있으므로 소위원회에서는 선택문헌의 연구대상자 특성을 검토하여 D-dimer 검사가 필요한 적응증을 제시하고자 하였다. 그러나 폐색전증(의심) 환자수가 적고 다수의 대규모 연구결과가 없어 D-dimer 검사의 세부 적응증을 제시하는데 한계가 있었다. 다만, 현재 문헌수준에서 D-dimer 검사를 적용한 환자의 특성을 제시함으로써 임상의에게 폐색전증 위험요인에 대한 정보를 제공하고 향후 가이드라인 개발을 위한 근거자료로 활용하는 의의가 있다고 제언하였다. 2024년 제3차 의료기술재평가위원회(2024.3.8.)에서는 소위원회 검토 결과에 근거하여 의료기술재평가사업 관리지침 제4조제10항에 의거 “폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사”에 대해 다음과 같이 심의하였다. 의료기술재평가위원회는 임상적 안전성과 효과성의 근거 및 그 외 평가항목 등을 종합적으로 고려하였을 때, D-이합체 검사는 음성예측도가 높아 폐색전증 배제 목적으로 유용하나 폐색전증 진단이 어렵고, 국내 임상상황에서 검사 적응증을 한정하기에 현재 문헌적 근거는 부족하므로 폐색전증 의심환자를 대상으로 폐색전증 진단 시 선별검사로 D-이합체 검사의 사용을 ‘조건부 권고함’으로 심의하였다(권고등급: 조건부 권고함). 주요어 폐색전증, 선별검사, 배제, D-이합체-
dc.description.abstractD-Dimer Testing for Pulmonary Embolism Background The D-dimer test is a qualitative, semi-quantitative (titer), and quantitative test for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with suspected thrombosis-related diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It was listed as a covered item before introducing the New Medical Technology Assessment System, and a simplified D-dimer test was added in 2021. The test was identified through internal monitoring and considered an agenda item requiring medical technology reassessment at the 6th Medical Technology Reassessment Committee in 2023 (June 2, 2023). This assessment aimed to support policy decision-making for the efficient use of healthcare resources by evaluating the evidence on the clinical safety and effectiveness of D-dimer testing for diagnosing pulmonary embolism in suspected patients. Methods A systematic review was conducted to reassess the safety and effectiveness of D-dimer testing for pulmonary embolism. The subcommittee on Safety and Effectiveness of D-dimer Testing for Pulmonary Embolism discussed and finalized all methods, taking into account the objectives of the assessment. The subcommittee comprised six members: one from cardiology, one from pulmonology, one from vascular surgery, one from cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, one from diagnostic laboratory medicine, and one from evidence-based medicine. The key question was: “Is D-dimer testing clinically safe and effective for diagnosing pulmonary embolism in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism?” Safety was assessed via test-related adverse events and effectiveness by diagnostic accuracy. The systematic review was conducted using three international and three domestic databases based on the key questions, and the literature selection process was conducted independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the event of disagreement, the final articles were selected by consensus among the reviewers. The risk of bias in the literature was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2, performed independently by two reviewers; in the event of disagreement, consensus was reached by inter-reviewer agreement. All data were extracted on a per-study basis. A meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy was performed using STATA/MP 18.0. Results A total of 140 studies (134 diagnostic method evaluation studies and six patient-controlled studies) were selected from the systematic review. A total of 81,686 (25–6,655) patients with suspected pulmonary embolism presenting with sudden onset or worsening of unexplained chest pain, shortness of breath, or other symptoms were included in the study. Of these, 11,492 patients (4–455) were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism using reference standard methods (prevalence: 14.1%). Eighteen studies targeted specific disease groups: five on cancer patients, five on women within six weeks of pregnancy or childbirth, two on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, one on stable angina, one on acute myocardial infarction, one on pneumonia, one on tuberculous pleural effusion, one on intensive care unit inpatients, and one on orthopedic surgery patients. The risk of bias assessment identified many studies with a high risk of bias in patient selection and transferability. Safety Safety was meant to be evaluated based on test-related adverse events. However, no studies reported adverse events. Effectiveness A total of 122 studies reported the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing for all patients. Qualitative D-dimer testing (10 studies, 6,724 patients) had an overall sensitivity (Sn) of 0.84, overall specificity (Sp) of 0.57, and overall area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.76, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.09 and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.99 at a prevalence of 3.76%. Semi-quantitative D-dimer testing (12 studies, 2,361 patients) had an overall Sn of 0.90, overall Sp of 0.44, and overall AUC of 0.71, with a PPV of 0.26 and NPV of 0.95 at a prevalence of 18.2%. Quantitative D-dimer testing (107 studies, 69,621 patients) had an overall Sn of 0.98, overall Sp of 0.35, and overall AUC of 0.86, with a PPV of 0.03 and NPV of 1.00 at a prevalence of 2.0%. Simplified D-dimer testing (1 study, 40 patients) had a Sn of 1.00, Sp of 0.37, PPV of 0.25, and NPV of 1.000. Diagnostic accuracy based on a reference standard method tended to be high in sensitivity and low in specificity for qualitative D-dimer testing, semi-quantitative D-dimer testing, and quantitative D-dimer testing. A total of 19 studies reported on the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing for specific disease groups. The diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing for cancer patients (7 studies, 1,871 patients) had an overall Sn of 0.98, overall Sp of 0.33, and overall AUC of 0.88, with a PPV of 0.25 and NPV of 0.99 at an 18.2% prevalence. The diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer testing for pregnant women or women within six weeks postpartum (5 studies, 439 participants) had an overall Sn of 0.94, overall Sp of 0.32, and overall AUC of 0.85, with a PPV of 0.11 and NPV of 0.98 at a prevalence of 8.0%. Conclusion and Suggestions Based on the literature review, the subcommittee presented the following safety and effectiveness findings for D-dimer testing for pulmonary embolism. The D-dimer test is an in vitro test for diagnosing pulmonary embolism with no safety concerns. Due to its high combined sensitivity and negative predictive value in qualitative, semi-quantitative, quantitative, and simplified testing, it is effective for screening patients who require imaging to diagnose pulmonary embolism. It is considered a useful test to rule out pulmonary embolism given its low overall specificity. The following recommendations were made regarding the “use” of D-dimer testing: ① Objective data other than patient history and clinical symptoms are required for D-dimer testing; ② It is difficult to rule out pulmonary embolism based on imaging results alone as small thrombi may not be detectable; ③ It is difficult to rule out pulmonary embolism in hospitals without imaging equipment; and ④ Clinicians are responsible for missing the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and must rule out pulmonary embolism by combining multiple tests. Therefore, unlike international guidelines, D-dimer testing is performed before imaging in patients with a high risk of pulmonary embolism.  In Korean clinical settings, indiscriminate D-dimer testing is performed even in the absence of suspicious factors for pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis; D-dimer positive results lead to unnecessary imaging tests, resulting in high medical expenditures. Therefore, the subcommittee reviewed the patient characteristics in the selected literature to suggest indications for D-dimer testing. However, the small number of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism and the lack of large-scale studies have limited the ability to provide specific indications. Nevertheless, it was deemed necessary to present the characteristics of patients subjected to D-dimer testing at the current literature level to inform healthcare providers about the risk factors for pulmonary embolism and to serve as a basis for developing guidelines in the future. In 2024, the 3rd Medical Technology Reassessment Committee (March 8, 2024) deliberated on “D-dimer testing for pulmonary embolism” in accordance with Article 4, Paragraph 10 of the Guidelines for the Management of Medical Technology Reassessment Projects based on the results of the subcommittee review as follows: Based on comprehensive consideration of the clinical safety and effectiveness evidence, among other assessment items, the Medical Technology Reassessment Committee concluded that D-dimer testing is useful for ruling out pulmonary embolism due to its high negative predictive value. However, as the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is difficult with insufficient literature to define the indications for testing in Korean clinical settings, the use of D-dimer testing as a screening test for diagnosing pulmonary embolism in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism is "conditionally recommended" (Recommendation level: Conditionally recommended). Keywords Pulmonary embolism, Screening test, Rule out, D-dimer-
dc.title폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사-
dc.typeReport-
dc.subject.local권고등급 있음-
dc.subject.local조건부권고-
dc.subject.local순환계통의 질환-
dc.subject.local검사-
dc.subject.local순환기내과-
dc.subject.local혈관외과-
dc.subject.local심장혈관흉부외과-
dc.subject.local진단검사의학과-
dc.subject.keyword폐색전증ko
dc.subject.keyword선별검사ko
dc.subject.keyword배제ko
dc.subject.keywordD-이합체ko
dc.subject.keywordPulmonary embolismko
dc.subject.keywordScreening testko
dc.subject.keywordRule outko
dc.subject.keywordD-dimerko
dc.type.reportType최종보고서-
dc.description.dtlprjnumberNR23-001-48-
dc.description.prjname폐색전증에서 D-이합체 검사-
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