Efficacy and Safety of Emergency Extracranial–Intracranial Bypass for Revascularization within 24 Hours in Resolving Large Artery Occlusion with Intracranial Stenosis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Endovascular treatment (EVT) is less effective for intracranial atherosclerosis-induced emergent large vessel occlusion. Extracranialeintracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery is a possible treatment option to augment cerebral blood flow in the perfusion defect area. We compared the efficacy and safety of EC-IC bypass surgery with those of EVT and maximal medical treatment for acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The data from 39 patients, for whom vessel revascularization had failed despite mechanical thrombectomy, were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 39 patients, 22 had undergone percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or intracranial stenting (PTA/S), 10 had undergone emergency EC-IC bypass surgery within 24 hours of symptom onset, and 7 had received maximal medical treatment (MMT) only. The patency, perfusion status, and postoperative infarct volume were evaluated. The clinical outcomes were assessed at 6 months postoperatively using the modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: The mean reperfusion time was significantly longer for the EC-IC bypass group (14.9 hours) compared with that in the PTA/S group (4.1 hours) and MMT group (7.5 hours; P < 0.05). The postoperative infarct volume on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was significantly lower in the emergency EC-IC bypass group (11.3 cm3) than in the MMT group (68.0 cm(3)) but was not significantly different from that of the PTA/S group (14.0 cm3; P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with a modified Rankin scale score of 0-2 at 6 months after surgery was significantly higher in the ECIC bypass group (80%) than in the PTA/S (59%) and MMT (14%) groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency EC-IC bypass surgery is an effective and safe treatment option for intracranial atherosclerosis-induced acute ischemic stroke for which EVT is inadequate.