서주시대(西周時代)의 동이(東夷)

Abstract

Dongyi (東夷) in Pre-Qin refers to people who lived in today’s Shandong area and possessed non-Zhongyuan (the Central Plain) cultural tradition, or a group of those people. Scholars have conducted studies on the meaning of Dongyi, its origin and regional distribution, cultural line and features, and changes of ‘Dongyi’ concept so far. However because the previous scholarship focused on rather Zhongyuan dynasties’ conquest the East and their perception on Dongyi than Dongyi itself, Dongyi was considered to be undeveloped subcult who finally should be subjected to the Han Chinese tradition. Thus there has not been progress in studies on how Dongyi existed and on its development political and social. This paper recognizes that situation mentioned above and deals with Dongyi in Pre-Qin period in particular in the period when Western Zhou existed in the Central Plain (1046-771 B.C.E). The paper examines forms of Dongyi existence in intercultural relationship with the Western Zhou and thereby context in which Dongyi in the period developed using Bronze Ritual Vessel Inscriptions and archaeological materials. Even though the greater part of the written materials in particular Bronze Ritual Vessel Inscriptions was stated from side of the Zhou Dynasty, recent archaeological excavations have provided with a clue with which we can concretely understand the inscriptions on Bronze Ritual Vessels related to Dongyi. The inscriptions on Bronze Ritual Vessels related to Dongyi mostly state revolt, which took placed in early period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the suppression of the uprising. This was because Dongyi was actively involved in it. The subjugation of the Dongyi rebellion continued from King Cheng (成王) through King Kang (康王) and influential families such as Zhou-gong, Tai-gong and Bomaofu families within the Western Zhou Dynasty were involved in the suppression. When reign of King Mu (穆王) began, which the middle Western Zhou started, statements on Dongyi rapidly from the inscriptions on Bronze Ritual Vessels disappeared rapidly. This should be because the Western Zhou’s rule on Dongyi was stable in that period. The inscriptions on Bronze Ritual Vessels, however, stated on Dongyi again in between the middle and late of the Dynasty. Dongyi in the period was described as an object that formed multiple political organizations called Bang (邦) and that took place activities against the Dynasty, allying with Huaiyi. This is related to the Dongyi’s reaction caused by the fact that the Dynasty acquired basis of rule in Dongyi area. Thus Dongyi started to organized its political system in response to the massive alien power. As a result, the Bangs in Dongyi area exercised controlling on the basis of networking material resources over the fortified settlements. By doing it in the late Wetern Zhou period multiple political organizations were established in Dongyi area and their strength grew as much as it was systematically against the alien power. Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty and establishment of various states in the Spring and Autumn Period were started with the historical context mentioned above.