Influence of Thermally Activated Solid-State Crystal-to-Crystal Structural Transformation on the Thermoelectric Properties of the Ca5-xYbxAl2Sb6 (1.0 <= x <= 5.0) System

Abstract

The solid-solution Zintl compounds with the mixed cations of Ca2+ and Yb2+ in the Ca5-xYbxAl2Sb6 (1.0 <= x <= 5.0) system have been synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reactions. Two slightly different crystal structures of the Ba5Al2Bi6-type and Ca5Ga2Sb6-type phases have been characterized for seven compounds with 2.5 <= x <= 5.0 and three compounds with 1.0 <= x <= 2.0, respectively, by both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. The two title phases adopt the orthorhombic space group Pbam (Z = 2, oP26) with seven independent asymmetric atomic sites and share certain structural similarities, including infinite one-dimensional [Al2Sb8] double chains and isolated space-filling Ca2+/Yb2+ cations. Interestingly, we reveal the crystal-to-crystal solid-state structural transformation of the Yb-rich compound Ca1.5Yb3.5Al2Sb6 from the Ba5Al2Bi6-type to the Ca5Ga2Sb6-type phase through the postannealing process, which can be rationalized as the phase transition from the kinetically more stable structure to the thermodynamically more stable crystal structure on the basis of theoretical calculations. Discrepancies of the local coordination geometries of the anionic [Al2Sb8] units and the geometrical arrangements of structural building moieties in the two distinct phases provoke the different electrical properties of metallic and semiconducting conduction, respectively, for the Ba5Al2Bi6-type and Ca5Ga2Sb6-type phases. Density of states and crystal orbital Hamilton population analyses based on tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital calculations prove that the band-gap opening in the Ca5Ga2Sb6-type phase should mainly be attributed to an extended bond distance of the bridging Sb-Sb in the [Al2Sb8] unit. A series of thermoelectric (TE) property measurements indicates that the phase transition via the postannealing process eventually results in an enhancement of the TE performance of Yb-rich Ca1.5Yb3.5Al2Sb6.