정부입양사업에서의 메타거버넌스 비교연구

Abstract

우리나라 정부의 입양사업은 미국의 고속도로입양사업(Adopt a Highway)을 경기도에서 도입한 것을 행정자치부에서 ‘행복홀씨사업“으로 확산시킨 것이다. 입양사업은 정부가 주도적이기는 하지만 실질적인 사업주체는 민간단체가 되면서 메타거버넌스의 특징을 지닌다. 하지만 미국의 경우는 연방정부와는 독립적인 단층적 메타거버넌스인 반면 한국의 위계적 정부관계라는 문화로 인해 다층적 메타거버넌스가 불가피한 상황이다. 이 연구는 메타거버넌스의 특징과 성공요인등을 기존의 선행연구들로부터 찾아내어 미국, 한국의 경상남도 및 서울시에 적용시켜 분석하였다. 문화의 차이, 정부 간 관계에 따라 메타거버넌스는 차이점을 보여주고 있으며, 성공의 기본조건에도 어느 정도의 차이는 있었다.

‘Haingbok-Holssi(Happy Spore) Project(HHP)’ of the Ministry of Interior(MOI) based on the ‘Adopt-a-Roadway Project’ of Gyeonggi Province. The project is originally from ‘Adopt-a-Highway’ in USA. HHP is now practiced many local governments under the supervision of MOI. HHP is the project in which a civilian groups adopt the specific area and take charge of the environment in that area. Although the government is taking the initiative, the actual business entities are civilian groups in the form of meta-governance. The concept of meta-governance gives various meanings to scholars. In sum, the concept of meta-governance deviates from the dichotomical logic of the governance theory. While the governance theory emphasizes the role of network and tangled hierarchy, meta-governance is concerned with how political authorities are engaged in promoting and guiding the ‘self-organisation of governance’ systems. As such, the state’s role is reinstated in a limited way, as it must still work through networked configurations. There are four strategies of 'structuring', 'design', 'communication' and 'participation'. There are also conditions for failure and success in meta–governance. Therefore, when the state manage the meta-governance, the four strategies should be used well so that the government's hierarchy will not fall into the danger of failing. A single-layered meta-governance means a form in which only one government participates. On the other hand, when hierarchical multi-tiered governments are involved, multi-layered meta-governance is formed. While the US highway adoption project is composed of the state government and private sectors, it shows the form of the singled-layered meta–governance, HHP of Korea forms the multi–layered meta-governance from the central government to the local governments. The most important aspect of the meta-governance is the government's ability to coordinate and manage it. In the three cases in this study, the US highway adoption project is well coordinated and managed. In the case of Korea, the management supervision and coordination function of the central government is crucial. Local governments, however, are likely to sustain HHP even if the central government’s supervision is loosened because environmental problems caused by waste is a kind of ‘wicked problem’.