Investigation of real-world NOx and NH3 emissions from various powertrain vehicles using trip analysis method

Abstract

The transportation sector has shifted towards eco-friendly alternatives, with electric and hydrogen energy replacing traditional fossil fuels. However, because internal combustion engine vehicles continue to dominate the market, it is crucial to improve fuel efficiency and analyze the emissions from both internal combustion engine and environmentally friendly vehicles. Additionally, owing to new regulations in Europe that limit NH3 emissions, efforts to reduce such emissions are necessary. In this study, internal combustion engines (gasoline, and LPG) and hybrid vehicles were tested to determine their exhaust gases. The fuel and system test results confirmed that hybrid vehicles are the most efficient in terms of fuel consumption and emission management. Additional research is required to reduce NH3 emissions during cold starts and mitigate their impact. © 2025