Calculation of equivalent static loads and its application

Abstract

All the forces in the real world act dynamically on structures. Since dynamic loads are extremely difficult to handle in analysis and design, static loads are usually utilized with dynamic factors. Generally, the dynamic factors are determined from design codes or experience. Therefore, static loads may not give accurate solutions in analysis and design and structural engineers often come up with unreliable solutions. Two different methods are proposed for the transformation of dynamic loads into equivalent static loads (ESLs). One is an analytical method for exact ESLs and the other is an approximation method. The exact ESLs are calculated to generate identical response fields such as displacement and stress with those from dynamic loads at a certain time. Some approximation methods are proposed in engineering applications, which generate similar response fields from dynamic loads. They are divided into the displacement-based approach and the stress-based approach. The process is derived and evaluated mathematically. Standard examples are selected and solved by the proposed method and error analyses are conducted. Applications of the method to structural optimization are discussed. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.