Indole-4-carboxaldehyde Isolated from Seaweed, Sargassum thunbergii, Attenuates Methylglyoxal-Induced Hepatic Inflammation
- Authors
- Cha, Seon-Heui; Hwang, Yongha; Heo, Soo-Jin; Jun, Hee-Sook
- Issue Date
- Sep-2019
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- hepatic steatosis; metabolic disease; AGEs; seaweed; Sargassum thunbergii
- Citation
- MARINE DRUGS, v.17, no.9
- Journal Title
- MARINE DRUGS
- Volume
- 17
- Number
- 9
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/1068
- DOI
- 10.3390/md17090486
- ISSN
- 1660-3397
- Abstract
- Glucose degradation is aberrantly increased in hyperglycemia, which causes various harmful effects on the liver. Glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme that participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal (MGO), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis that induces protein modification (advanced glycation end-products, AGEs) and inflammation. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of indole-4-carboxaldehyde (ST-I4C), which was isolated from the edible seaweed Sargassum thunbergii, on MGO-induced inflammation in HepG2 cells, a human hepatocyte cell line. ST-I4C attenuated the MGO-induced expression of inflammatory-related genes, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IFN-gamma by activating nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) without toxicity in HepG2 cells. In addition, ST-I4C reduced the MGO-induced AGE formation and the expression of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Interestingly, both the mRNA and protein expression levels of Glo-1 increased following ST-I4C treatment, and the decrease in Glo-1 mRNA expression caused by MGO exposure was rescued by ST-I4C pretreatment. These results suggest that ST-I4C shows anti-inflammatory activity against MGO-induced inflammation in human hepatocytes by preventing an increase in the pro-inflammatory gene expression and AGE formation. Therefore, it represents a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.
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