The association of kidney function with repetitive breath-hold diving activities of female divers from Korea, Haenyeo
- Authors
- Oh, Y.J.; Jung, J.Y.; Kim, S.S.; Chae, K.-S.; Rhu, J.; Lee, C.
- Issue Date
- Feb-2017
- Publisher
- BioMed Central Ltd.
- Keywords
- Breath-hold diving; Kidney function; Repetitive apnea
- Citation
- BMC Nephrology, v.18, no.1
- Journal Title
- BMC Nephrology
- Volume
- 18
- Number
- 1
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/6639
- DOI
- 10.1186/s12882-017-0481-1
- ISSN
- 1471-2369
- Abstract
- Background: Voluntary apnea during breath-hold diving (BHD) induces cardiovascular changes including bradycardia, reduced cardiac output, and arterial hypertension. Although the impacts of repetitive BHD on cardiovascular health have been studied previously, the long-term risk for kidney dysfunction has never been investigated. Methods: A cross-sectional propensity score-matched study was performed to evaluate the influence of repetitive long-lasting BHD on kidney function. Using matching propensity scores (PS), 715 breath-hold female divers (Haenyeo) and non-divers were selected for analysis from 1,938 female divers and 3,415 non-divers, respectively. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated to be less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was investigated in both diver and non-diver groups. Results: The prevalence of CKD was significantly higher in breath-hold divers compared with non-divers after PS matching (12.6% vs. 8.0%, P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, BHD activity was significantly associated with the risk of CKD in an unmatched cohort (OR, 1.976; 95% CI, 1.465-2.664). In the PS-matched cohort, BHD remained the independent risk factor for CKD even after adjusting for multiple covariates (OR 1.967; 95% CI, 1.341-2.886). Conclusion: Shallow but repetitive intermittent apnea by BHD, sustained for a long period of time, may potentially cause a deterioration in kidney function, as a long-term consequence. © 2017 The Author(s).
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