The Flavonol Isoquercitrin Promotes Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis in SK-Mel-2 Melanoma Cell via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway
- Authors
- Won, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-H.; Lizardo, R.C.M.; Min, H.-J.; Cho, H.-D.; Hong, S.-M.; Seo, K.-I.
- Issue Date
- Dec-2020
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- flavonol; human melanoma; isoquercitrin; mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis; natural chemopreventive agent
- Citation
- Nutrients, v.12, no.12
- Journal Title
- Nutrients
- Volume
- 12
- Number
- 12
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/79677
- DOI
- 10.3390/nu12123683
- ISSN
- 2072-6643
- Abstract
- Isoquercitrin (IQ), a major flavonol present in Prunus mume fruit, has gained much attention in recent studies because of its superior bioavailability and physiological effects. In this study, the anti-cancer mechanism of IQ against human melanoma, particularly its effect on the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, was investigated. Treatment with IQ at 25 μM concentration effectively inhibited the proliferation of SK-MEL-2 skin cancer cells while the same concentration did not exhibit cytotoxicity against human keratinocytes HaCaT. Morphological analysis and clonogenic assay also showed that IQ can alter the growth and long-term survival of SK-MEL-2 cells. IQ also induced apoptosis in the melanoma cells as manifested in the nuclear morphology changes, DNA fragmentation, increase in the apoptosis rate (17.69% at 25 μM) and accumulation of sub-G1 cell cycle phase population (19.55% at 25 μM). Western blot analysis revealed the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway in the anti-cancer property of IQ. Treatment with IQ resulted in the decrease in the levels of procaspase-8 and -9, and Bcl-2 protein, and an increase in the expression of cleaved PARP and Bax. Moreover, AIF and Endo G protein expression increased, indicating a caspase-independent mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. The anti-proliferative activity of IQ against SK-MEL-2 can also be attributed to the downregulation of the PI3K/AktmTOR signaling pathway. These findings showed that IQ can be developed into a chemopreventive therapeutic agent against the melanoma cells.
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