Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026open access
- Authors
- Micah, Angela E.; Bhangdia, Kayleigh; Cogswell, Ian E.; Lasher, Dylan; Lidral-Porter, Brendan; Maddison, Emilie R.; Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc; Patel, Nishali; Pedroza, Paola; Solorio, Juan; Stutzman, Hayley; Tsakalos, Golsum; Wang, Yifeng; Warriner, Wesley; Zhao, Yingxi; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Jaffar; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abdulah, Deldar Morad; Abedi, Aidin; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abhilash, E. S.; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Ali, Hiwa Abubaker; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Adem, Mohammed Hussien; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmed, Haroon; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Aji, Budi; Akbarialiabad, Hossein; Akelew, Yibeltal; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alam, Khurshid; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Almustanyir, Sami; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amu, Hubert; Ancuceanu, Robert; Andrei, Tudorel; Anwar, Sumadi Lukman; Appiah, Francis; Aqeel, Muhammad; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Aremu, Olatunde; Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Baig, Atif Amin; Bantie, Abere Tilahun; Barrow, Amadou; Baskaran, Pritish; Basu, Sanjay; Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Baune, Bernhard T.; Berezvai, Zombor; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhaskar, Sonu; Boachie, Micheal Kofi; Bodolica, Virginia; Botelho Botelho, Joao Silva; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Busse, Reinhard; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Chansa, Collins; Charan, Jaykaran; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chen, Simiao; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Dadras, Omid; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargahi, Abdollah; Debela, Sisay Abebe; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Desye, Belay; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Diao, Nancy; Linh Phuong Doan; Dodangeh, Milad; dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque; Doshmangir, Leila; Dube, John; Eini, Ebrahim; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Enyew, Daniel Berhanie; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Asar, Mohamad Ezati; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fattahi, Hamed; Fekadu, Ginenus; Fischer, Florian; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael; Freitas, Alberto; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fullman, Nancy; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia-Gordillo, M. A.; Gebrehiwot, Mesfin; Gerema, Urge; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghanbari, Reza; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Gholamrezanezhad, Ali; Golechha, Mahaveer; Golinelli, Davide; Goshu, Yitayal Ayalew; Goyomsa, Girma Garedew; Guha, Avirup; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Gupta, Bhawna; Hamidi, Samer; Harapan, Harapan; Hashempour, Reza; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heredia-Pi, Ileana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba; Hezam, Kamal; Hiraike, Yuta; Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni; Holla, Ramesh; Hoque, Mohammad Enamul; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Sorin; Hussain, Salman; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Immurana, Mustapha; Iradukunda, Arnaud; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Merin, Linda J.; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalili, Mahsa; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayapal, Sathish Kumar; Jemere, Digisie Mequanint; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Nitin; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kaambwa, Billingsley; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kadel, Rajendra; Kadir, Dler Hussein; Kalankesh, Laleh R.; Kamath, Rajesh; Kandel, Himal; Kantar, Rami S.; Karanth, Shama D.; Karaye, Ibraheem M.; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Kassa, Bekalu Getnet; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila; Keshri, Vikash Ranjan; Keskin, Cumali; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khajuria, Himanshu; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat; Kifle, Zemene Demelash; Kim, Hanna; Kim, Jihee; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kohler, Stefan; Kompani, Farzad; Kosen, Soewarta; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Kusuma, Dian; Lam, Judit; Lamnisos, Demetris; Larsson, Anders O.; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Yo Han; Lenzi, Jacopo; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lorenzovici, Laszlo; Lozano, Rafael; Machado Machado, Vanessa Sintra; Madadizadeh, Farzan; Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy; Mahmoudi, Razzagh; Majeed, Azeem; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Manda, Ana Laura; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto; Martorell, Miquel; Masoud, Ali; Mathews, Elezebeth; Maude, Richard James; Mechili, Enkeleint A.; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Joao Mendes Mendes, Jose Joao; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirutse, Mizan Kiros; Mirza, Moonis; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad; Misganaw, Awoke; Moccia, Marcello; Moghadasi, Javad; Mohammadi, Esmaeil; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadshahi, Marita; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohseni, Mohammad; Mokdad, Ali H.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mossialos, Elias; Mostafavi, Ebrahim; Isfahani, Haleh Mousavi; Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine; Murthy, Shruti; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Naidoo, Kovin S.; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nangia, Vinay; Naqvi, Atta Abbas; Nayak, Biswa Prakash; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Noroozi, Nafise; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nuruzzaman, Khan M.; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet; Oancea, Bogdan; Obi, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams; Ogunkoya, Abiola; Oh, In-Hwan; Okonji, Osaretin Christabel; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olagunju, Tinuke O.; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Opio, John Nelson; Otoiu, Adrian; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Palicz, Tamas; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Parekh, Tarang; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Jay; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Uttam; Paun, Mihaela; Pawar, Shrikant; Perna, Simone; Perumalsamy, Navaraj; Petcu, Ionela-Roxana; Piracha, Zahra Zahid; Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh; Prada, Sergio I.; Rafiei, Sima; Raghav, Pankaja Raghav; Rahim, Fakher; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Mosiur; Rahmani, Amir Masoud; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Raru, Temam Beshir; Rashedi, Sina; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Ravangard, Ramin; Rawaf, Salman; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Rezaei, Maryam; Rezaei, Nazila; Riaz, Mavra A.; Buendia Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio; Saad, Aly M. A.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghian, Saeid; Saeb, Mohammad Reza; Saeed, Umar; Sahu, Maitreyi; Saki, Morteza; Salamati, Payman; Salari, Hedayat; Salehi, Sana; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanmarchi, Francesco; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi; Sarikhani, Yaser; Sathian, Brijesh; Satpathy, Maheswar; Savic, Miloje; Sayadi, Yaser; Schwendicke, Falk; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Setshegetso, Naomi; Seylani, Allen; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich; Shanawaz, Mohd; Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew; Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse; Sharma, Rajesh; Shayan, Maryam; Sheikh, Aziz; Shenoy, Suchitra M.; Shetty, Adithi; Shetty, Pavanchand H.; Shivakumar, K. M.; Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Luis Manuel; Simegn, Wudneh; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Kuldeep; Skhvitaridze, Natia; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna; Socea, Bogdan; Solomon, Yonatan; Song, Suhang; Stefan, Simona Catalina; Suleman, Muhammad; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tat, Nathan Y.; Tat, Vivian Y.; Tefera, Belay Negash; Tichopad, Ales; Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tufa, Derara Girma; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasic, Milena; Vervoort, Dominique; Vlassov, Vasily; Bay Vo; Linh Gia Vu; Waheed, Yasir; Wamai, Richard G.; Wang, Cong; Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Yaya, Sanni; Yigit, Arzu; Yigit, Vahit; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Yu, Chuanhua; Yunusa, Ismaeel; Zaki, Leila; Zaman, Burhan Abdullah; Zangeneh, Alireza; Dehnavi, Ali Zare; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zeng, Wu; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zuhlke, Liesl J.; Zuniga, Yves Miel H.; Hay, Simon I.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Dieleman, Joseph L.
- Issue Date
- Mar-2023
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER SCI LTD
- Citation
- LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH, v.11, no.3, pp.E385 - E413
- Journal Title
- LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH
- Volume
- 11
- Number
- 3
- Start Page
- E385
- End Page
- E413
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/88636
- DOI
- 10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4
- ISSN
- 2214-109X
- Abstract
- Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9 center dot 2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9 center dot 1-9 center dot 3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7 center dot 3 trillion (95% UI 7 center dot 2-7 center dot 4) in 2019; 293 center dot 7 times the $24 center dot 8 billion (95% UI 24 center dot 3-25 center dot 3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43 center dot 1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1 center dot 8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37 center dot 8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12 center dot 2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health -related COVID-19 response is 252 center dot 2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11-21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained.
- Files in This Item
- There are no files associated with this item.
- Appears in
Collections - IT융합대학 > 소프트웨어학과 > 1. Journal Articles
![qrcode](https://api.qrserver.com/v1/create-qr-code/?size=55x55&data=https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/gachon/handle/2020.sw.gachon/88636)
Items in ScholarWorks are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.