『古事記』の渡来人と『日本書紀』の帰化人 ― テキストの変奏 ―

Abstract

Although the terms ‘naturalization(歸化)’ and ‘come across the waters(渡來)’ have been used to refer to the migrants in ancient Japan, many now prefer to describe them all as ‘come across the waters’ in that ‘naturalization’ implies ethnic discrimination and that it cannot use the word ‘naturalization’ before the enactment of laws. However, in the ‘Kojiki’ text, only the term ‘come across the waters’ is used to describe such immigrants, while in the ‘Nihon Shoki’ text, various terms such as ‘kika(歸化),’ ‘toka(投化),’ and ‘karai(化來)’ that incorporate the character ‘ka(化)’ are mostly adopted. Different contents in different texts of the same era cannot be simply attributed to the issues of representation or temporal differences, and it cannot be said to be a valid understanding of the texts. This article focused on the presence of the term ‘ka(化),’ which is found only in ‘Nihon Shoki,’ but not in ‘Kojiki,’ and reexamined the meanings of ‘come across the waters’ and ‘naturalization’ that are manifested within the worldview of each text. The ‘Kojiki’ is a book that aims to record ancient events, so the concept of ‘kika,’ which can only emerge in a regulated state, cannot be present. In contrast, ‘Nihon Shoki’ adopts the worldview that imitates the imperialistic system of ancient China and seeks to represent the period after establishing itself as a regulated state, so the concept of ‘kika’ is inevitably present. In ‘Nihon Shoki,’ it was used as a political ideology to assimilate non-indigenous people who were not recorded in the ‘Age of the Gods’ into the emperor's world by imitating Sinocentrism of ‘化(being influenced by the virtue of the emperor).’