Colorimetric and Electrochemical Dual-Mode Detection of Thioredoxin 1 Based on the Efficient Peroxidase-Mimicking and Electrocatalytic Property of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles

Abstract

As a potent detection method for cancer biomarkers in physiological fluid, a colorimetric and electrochemical dual-mode sensing platform for breast cancer biomarker thioredoxin 1 (TRX1) was developed based on the excellent peroxidase-mimicking and electrocatalytic property of Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs). PBNPs were hydrothermally synthesized using K3[Fe(CN)6] as a precursor and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent. The synthesized spherical PBNPs showed a significant peroxidase-like activity, having approximately 20 and 60% lower Km values for 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and H2O2, respectively, compared to those of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The PBNPs also enhanced the electron transfer on the electrode surface. Based on the beneficial features, PBNPs were used to detect target TRX1 via sandwich-type immunoassay procedures. Using the strategies, TRX1 was selectively and sensitively detected, yielding limit of detection (LOD) values as low as 9.0 and 6.5 ng mL−1 via colorimetric and electrochemical approaches, respectively, with a linear range of 10–50 ng mL−1 in both strategies. The PBNP-based TRX1 immunoassays also exhibited a high degree of precision when applied to real human serum samples, demonstrating significant potentials to replace conventional HRP-based immunoassay systems into rapid, robust, reliable, and convenient dual-mode assay systems which can be widely utilized for the identification of important target molecules including cancer biomarkers.