Molecular Cooperative Assembly-Mediated Synthesis of Ultra-High-Performance Hard Carbon Anodes for Dual-Carbon Sodium Hybrid Capacitors
- Authors
- Kang, Hui-Ju; Huh, Yun Suk; Im, Won Bin; Jun, Young-Si
- Issue Date
- Oct-2019
- Publisher
- AMER CHEMICAL SOC
- Keywords
- sodium hybrid capacitor; flexible electrode; hard carbon; reactive template; molecular cooperative assembly
- Citation
- ACS NANO, v.13, no.10, pp.11935 - 11946
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- ACS NANO
- Volume
- 13
- Number
- 10
- Start Page
- 11935
- End Page
- 11946
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/12468
- DOI
- 10.1021/acsnano.9b06027
- ISSN
- 1936-0851
- Abstract
- Although sodium hybrid capacitors (NHCs) have emerged as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage systems, further advancement is delayed primarily by the absence of high-performance battery-type anodes. Herein, we report a nature-inspired synthesis route to prepare hard carbon anodes with high capacity, rate capability, and cycle stability for dual-carbon NHCs. Shape- and size-controllable crystal aggregates of inexpensive triazine molecules are utilized as reactive templates that perform triple duties of structure-directing agent, porogen, and nitrogen source. This enables the fine control of microstructure/morphology/composition and thereby electrochemical reactions toward Na-ion. The resulting hard carbon optimized in terms of lateral size, interlayer spacing, and surface affinity of graphene-like layers achieves a specific capacity of similar to 380 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 250 mA/g mainly via intercalation, the current record of hard carbons. Combined with a commercial microporous carbon fiber cathode, the full cell is able to deliver a volumetric energy density of 2.89 mWh/cm(3) and a volumetric power density of 160 mW/cm(3), outperforming NHCs based on inorganic Na-ion anode materials. More importantly, such performance could not only be retained for 10000 cycles (4.5 F/cm(3) at 10 mA/cm(3)) with 0.000 028 6% loss per cycle at >97% Coulombic efficiency but also successfully transferred to flexible pouch cells without significant performance loss after 300 bending cycles or during wrapping at a 10R condition. Simple preparation of hard carbon anodes using organic crystal reactive templates, therefore, demonstrates great potential for the manufacture of high-performance flexible NHCs using only carbon electrode materials.
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