Combined effects of sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole on a freshwater microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus: toxicity, biodegradation, and metabolic fate
- Authors
- Xiong, Jiu-Qiang; Kim, Sun joon; Kurade, Mayur B.; Govindwar, Sanjay; Abou-Shanab, Reda A. I.; Kim, Jung-Rae; Roh, Hyun-Seog; Khan, Moonis Ali; Jeon, Byong Hun
- Issue Date
- May-2019
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
- Keywords
- Pharmaceutical contaminants sulfamethazine and sulfamethoxazole; biodegradation; metabolic products; microalgae; toxicity modeling
- Citation
- JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS, v.370, pp.138 - 146
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
- Volume
- 370
- Start Page
- 138
- End Page
- 146
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/147903
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.049
- ISSN
- 0304-3894
- Abstract
- This study investigated the environmental effects of two common emerging contaminants, sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and their mixture using a green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus. The calculated EC50 values of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture (11:1 wt/wt) after 96 h were 1.23, 0.12, and 0.89 mg L-1, respectively. The toxicity of the mixture could be better predicted using a concentration addition model than an independent action model. The risk quotients of SMZ, SMX, and their mixture were > 1 during the experiment, indicating their high potential risks on aquatic microorganisms. Despite their toxicity, S. obliquus exhibited 17.3% and 29.3% removal of 0.1 mg L-1 and 0.2 mg L-1 after 11 days of cultivation. The changes of SMZ and SMX removal were observed when combined, which showed a significantly improved removal of SMZ (up to 3.4 folds) with addition of SMX (0.2 mg L-1). The metabolic pathways of SMZ and SMX were proposed according to mass spectroscopic analysis, which showed six metabolites of SMX and seven intermediates of SMZ, formed as a result of ring cleavage, hydroxylation, methylation, nitrosation, and deamination.
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