韓漢同源說的問題與韓漢語言關係

Abstract

有些韓語固有詞與對應的上古漢語詞類似。譬如， 表示「風」的韓語固有詞param和「風」字的漢語上古音*prəm類似。一些學者認爲這些韓漢類似詞一定是從同一詞源發展而來，提出韓漢同源說，主張韓語和漢語屬於同一語系。本文將從微觀和宏觀的視角探討該學說是否妥當，並指出韓漢同源說存在的一些問題。本文還將根據陳保亞(1996)的理論，考察了韓漢類似詞在Swadesh (1952; 1955)的100核心詞（第一階詞）和200核心詞減除100核心詞（第二階詞）裏出現的數量。發現第一階核心詞目錄裏主要有「吾、汝、人、男、葉、眼、牙、街、白」等9個韓漢類似詞，第二階核心詞目錄裏也有「日（天）、其、腿、老、江、聞、轉、洗、風」等9個類似詞。韓漢類似詞的數量在第一階詞目錄和第二階詞目錄裏幾乎完全相同，分佈曲線趨向平直。陳保亞認為少數類似詞分佈曲線不上不下，走向平直就表明兩種語言為接觸關係。因此本文將論證韓語和漢語不是親屬關係而是接觸關係。

The goal of this article is to demonstrate the linguistic relation between Korean and Chinese. This article examines the view that Korean and Chinese are genetically related, as proposed by Pan (2006; 2013) and O (2005; 2017). It points out that their examples of apparent cognates were selected without solid ground in many cases. In addition, their view on the affinity between the two languages was evaluated against other theories on the genealogy of East Asian languages. Accordingly, this article compares the number of similar words between Korean and Chinese in Swadesh's first 100 words and second 100 words in his 200 list, as slightly modified by Chen (1996). Chen claims that if more similar words are found in Swadesh's first 100 words than in the second 100, they are cognates, otherwise they are loanwords. Interestingly enough, the similar words between Korean and Chinese number nine in both groups. According to Chen, when the similar words are evenly distributed in both lists, the quantity of the similar words is crucial to determine their relations. If the number is high, they are cognates, while if the number is low, they are loanwords. Following Chen's theory, the author claims that Korean and Chinese are not genetically related but are neighboring languages that share a small number of fundamental words in Swadesh's list due to language contact.