Nitrogen- and sulfur-enriched porous carbon from waste watermelon seeds for high-energy, high-temperature green ultracapacitors
- Authors
- Thangavel, Ranjith; Kannan, Aravindaraj G.; Ponraj, Rubha; Thangavel, Vigneysh; Kim, Dong-Won; Lee, Yun-Sung
- Issue Date
- Sep-2018
- Publisher
- ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
- Citation
- JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, v.6, no.36, pp.17751 - 17762
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
- Volume
- 6
- Number
- 36
- Start Page
- 17751
- End Page
- 17762
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/149452
- DOI
- 10.1039/c8ta05248d
- ISSN
- 2050-7488
- Abstract
- Electrochemical ultracapacitors exhibiting high energy output and an ultra-long cycle life, utilizing green and sustainable materials, are of paramount importance for next-generation applications. Developing an ultracapacitor that has high output energy under high power conditions in a high-voltage non-aqueous electrolyte and maintaining a long cycle life is an ongoing challenge. Herein, we utilize watermelon seeds, a bio-waste from watermelons, for use in high-voltage, high-energy, and high-power ultracapacitors in a sodium ion-based non-aqueous electrolyte. The as-synthesized hierarchically porous, high surface area carbon is surface-engineered with a large quantity of nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms to give a high specific capacitance of similar to 252 F g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1) and 90 F g(-1) at 30 A g(-1). An ultra-high stability of similar to 90% even after 150 000 cycles (10 A g(-1)) with 100% coulombic efficiency is achieved at room temperature (25 degrees C), equivalent to an ultra-low energy loss of similar to 0.0667% per 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the porous carbon demonstrates remarkable stability even at high temperature (55 degrees C) for 100000 cycles (10 A g(-1)), ensuring the safety of the device and enabling it to outperform graphene-based materials. A maximum energy of similar to 79 W h kg(-1) and a maximum power of 22.5 kW kg(-1) with an energy retention of similar to 28.2 W h kg(-1) was attained. The results provide new insights that will be of use in the development of high-performance, green ultracapacitors for advanced energy storage systems.
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