Biodegradation of levofloxacin by an acclimated freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris
- Authors
- Xiong, Jiu-Qiang; Kurade, Mayur B.; Jeon, Byong Hun
- Issue Date
- Apr-2017
- Publisher
- ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
- Keywords
- Emerging contaminant; Levofloxacin; Chlorella vulgaris; Biodegradation; Acclimation; Salinity
- Citation
- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL, v.313, pp.1251 - 1257
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
- Volume
- 313
- Start Page
- 1251
- End Page
- 1257
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/152597
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.017
- ISSN
- 1385-8947
- Abstract
- The extensive contamination of levofloxacin (LEV) in aquatic ecosystems has attracted increasing attention because of the potential for development of bacterial resistance and its eco-toxicity to non-target organisms. Biodegradation of LEV was significantly improved upon the acclimation of a freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris and in the presence of elevated salinity. Among the six wild species (Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlamydomonas pitschmannii, Chlorella vulgaris, Ourococcus multisporus, Micractinium resseri, Tribonema aequale), C vulgaris showed the highest removal capacity (12%) of LEV at 1 mg L-1. The acclimated C vulgaris, which was pre-exposed to 200 mg L-1 of LEV for 11 days, exhibited enhanced removal of 1 mg LEV L-1 by 16% after 11 days of cultivation. The addition of 1% (w/v) sodium chloride into the microalgal media significantly improved LEV removal by > 80% in the C vulgaris culture. The bioaccumulation of LEV at day 11 in C vulgaris cells without NaCI was 34 rg g-1, which was elevated to 101 mu g g(-1) LEV at 1% NaCl. The bioconcentration factor for LEV was 34 and 1004 in 0 and 1% NaCl, respectively. The mass balance analysis of LEV showed that more than 90% of LEV was biodegraded by C vulgaris at day 11 with the addition of 1% NaCI. These results demonstrated that the enhanced removal of LEV by salinity was mainly through bioaccumulation and subsequent intracellular biodegradation by C vulgaris cells.
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