Codoping titanium dioxide nanowires with tungsten and carbon for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
- Authors
- Cho, In Sun; Lee, Chi Hwan; Feng, Yunzhe; Logar, Manca; Rao, Pratap M.; Cai, Lili; Kim, Dong Rip; Sinclair, Robert; Zheng, Xiaolin
- Issue Date
- Apr-2013
- Publisher
- NATURE RESEARCH
- Citation
- NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, v.4, pp.1 - 10
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
- Volume
- 4
- Start Page
- 1
- End Page
- 10
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/163056
- DOI
- 10.1038/ncomms2729
- ISSN
- 2041-1723
- Abstract
- Recent density-functional theory calculations suggest that codoping TiO2 with donor-acceptor pairs is more effective than monodoping for improving photoelectrochemical water-splitting performance because codoping can reduce charge recombination, improve material quality, enhance light absorption and increase solubility limits of dopants. Here we report a novel ex-situ method to codope TiO2 with tungsten and carbon (W, C) by sequentially annealing W-precursor-coated TiO2 nanowires in flame and carbon monoxide gas. The unique advantages of flame annealing are that the high temperature (>1,000 degrees C) and fast heating rate of flame enable rapid diffusion of W into TiO2 without damaging the nanowire morphology and crystallinity. This is the first experimental demonstration that codoped TiO2:(W, C) nanowires outperform monodoped TiO2:W and TiO2:C and double the saturation photocurrent of undoped TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Such significant performance enhancement originates from a greatly improved electrical conductivity and activity for oxygen-evolution reaction due to the synergistic effects of codoping.
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