A Multitude of Modifications Strategy of ZnFe₂O₄ Nanorod Photoanodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Activity
- Authors
- Kim, Ju Hun; Jang, Youn Jeong; Choi, Sun Hee; Lee, Byeong Jun; Kim, Jeong Hun; Park, Yoon Bin; Nam, Chang-Mo; Kim, Hyun Gyu; Lee, Jae Sung
- Issue Date
- Jul-2018
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Citation
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, v.6, no.26, pp.12693 - 12700
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A
- Volume
- 6
- Number
- 26
- Start Page
- 12693
- End Page
- 12700
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/16810
- DOI
- 10.1039/C8TA02161A
- ISSN
- 2050-7488
- Abstract
- Numerous modifications strategies are applied to spinel ZnFe2O4 nanorods with a band gap energy of approximate to 2.0 eV to enhance their activity as a photoanode for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. First, hybrid microwave annealing (HMA) imparts high crystallinity to ZnFe2O4 nanorods, while preserving the formed nanostructure and maintaining high electric conductivity of F:SnO2 (FTO) substrate. This is in contrast to conventional thermal annealing (CTA) at 800 degrees C that causes aggregation of ZnFe2O4 and degradation of FTO. Second, insertion of a TiO2 underlayer blocks charge recombination at the FTO/electrolyte interface and serves as a source of Ti doping. Third, hydrogen treatment yields oxygen vacancies that increase charge carrier density and cause surface passivation. Last, a NiFeOx co-catalyst promotes hole injection into the electrolyte to improve catalytic water oxidation activity. These synergistic modifications lead to enhanced photocurrent density from 0.025 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V-RHE for pristine ZnFe2O4 nanorods prepared by CTA to 0.92 mA cm(-2) for a fully modified HMA photoanode: a 37-fold increase in photocurrent density. There is also a cathodic shift of the onset potential down to 0.62 V-RHE. The multiple modifications enhance bulk charge separation efficiencies from mere 2% to 30% and surface charge separation efficiency from 40% to 80%.
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