Association between Omega-3 Index and Hyperglycemia Depending on Body Mass Index among Adults in the United States

Abstract

There is inconsistency regarding the association between long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) and the risk of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the association between the Omega-3 Index (erythrocyte EPA + DHA) and glycemic status as a function of body mass index (BMI). Cross-sectional data from routine clinical laboratory testing with a total of 100,572 people aged over 18 years and BMI >= 18.5 kg/m(2) were included. Of the patients, 10% were hyperglycemic (fasting plasma glucose levels >= 126 mg/dL) and 24.7% were of normal weight, 35.0% were overweight, and 40.3% were obese. Odds ratios (ORs) of being hyperglycemic were inversely associated with the Omega-3 Index, but weakened as BMI increased. Thus, ORs (95% CI) comparing quintile 5 with quintile 1 were 0.54 (0.44-0.66) in the normal weight group, 0.70 (0.61-0.79) in the overweight group, and 0.74 (0.67-0.81) in the obese group. Similar patterns were seen for EPA and DHA separately. The present study suggested that a low Omega-3 Index is associated with a greater risk of disordered glucose metabolism and this is independent of BMI.