Effects of nonylphenol on early embryonic development, pigmentation and 3,5,3 '-triiodothyronine-induced metamorphosis in Bombina orientalis (Amphibia Anura)

Abstract

Nonylphenol (NP) is an estrogenic endocrine disruptor in many aquatic species In an effort to highlight the developmental toxicity of NP in amphibians we examined the effects of NP on the embryonic survival tadpole growth melanophore development and metamorphosis of a native Korean amphibian species Bombina orientalis (Anura) When treated to fertilized eggs 1 mu M NP significantly decreased embryonic survival at 48 h post fertilization (p f) suggesting that 1 mu M NP can exert systemic toxicity in B orientalis embryos In the surviving embryos there were no significant differences in malformation rates between NP-treated embryos and controls at 240 h p f suggesting no or low teratogenicity of NP in B orientalis embryos Below LC50 NP significantly decreased body growth and development of melanophores at 0 1 mu M suggesting that NP far below the LC50 targets multiple developmental events in tadpoles of this frog species In metamorphosis assay using the premetamorphic tadpoles (corresponding to Nieuwkoop Faber stage 53 in Xenopus Mews) exogenous 3 5 3 -triiodothyronine (T3) induced tail resorption was significantly decreased by 1 mu M NP However NP (0 1 and 1 mu M) only treatment did not affected total body T3 and T4 levels suggesting that NP at tested concentrations inhibits thyroid hormones action but not the synthesis of hormones during metamorphosis.