Improved Resting-State Functional MRI Using Multi-Echo Echo-Planar Imaging on a Compact 3T MRI Scanner with High-Performance Gradientsopen access
- Authors
- Kang, Daehun; In, Myung-Ho; Jo, Hang Joon; Halverson, Maria A.; Meyer, Nolan K.; Ahmed, Zaki; Gray, Erin M.; Madhavan, Radhika; Foo, Thomas K.; Fernandez, Brice; Black, David F.; Welker, Kirk M.; Trzasko, Joshua D.; Huston III, John; Bernstein, Matt A.; Shu, Yunhong
- Issue Date
- Apr-2023
- Publisher
- MDPI
- Keywords
- fMRI; BOLD; resting state; multi-echo EPI; compact 3T; gradient system; slew rate
- Citation
- SENSORS, v.23, no.9, pp.1 - 19
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- SENSORS
- Volume
- 23
- Number
- 9
- Start Page
- 1
- End Page
- 19
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/185845
- DOI
- 10.3390/s23094329
- ISSN
- 1424-8220
- Abstract
- In blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD)-based resting-state functional (RS-fMRI) studies, usage of multi-echo echo-planar-imaging (ME-EPI) is limited due to unacceptable late echo times when high spatial resolution is used. Equipped with high-performance gradients, the compact 3T MRI system (C3T) enables a three-echo whole-brain ME-EPI protocol with smaller than 2.5 mm isotropic voxel and shorter than 1 s repetition time, as required in landmark fMRI studies. The performance of the ME-EPI was comprehensively evaluated with signal variance reduction and region-of-interest-, seed- and independent-component-analysis-based functional connectivity analyses and compared with a counterpart of single-echo EPI with the shortest TR possible. Through the multi-echo combination, the thermal noise level is reduced. Functional connectivity, as well as signal intensity, are recovered in the medial orbital sulcus and anterior transverse collateral sulcus in ME-EPI. It is demonstrated that ME-EPI provides superior sensitivity and accuracy for detecting functional connectivity and/or brain networks in comparison with single-echo EPI. In conclusion, the high-performance gradient enabled high-spatial-temporal resolution ME-EPI would be the method of choice for RS-fMRI study on the C3T.
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