Effects of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced painopen access
- Authors
- Cho, Hyung Rae; Kim, Seon Hwan; Kim, Jin A.; Min, Jin Hye; Lee, Yong Kyung
- Issue Date
- Apr-2018
- Publisher
- Korean Pain Societypainfree@hanafos.com
- Keywords
- Cold temperature; Heating; Nefopam; Pain; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation
- Citation
- Korean Journal of Pain, v.31, no.2, pp 102 - 108
- Pages
- 7
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
KCI
- Journal Title
- Korean Journal of Pain
- Volume
- 31
- Number
- 2
- Start Page
- 102
- End Page
- 108
- URI
- https://scholarworks.bwise.kr/hanyang/handle/2021.sw.hanyang/190812
- DOI
- 10.3344/kjp.2018.31.2.102
- ISSN
- 2005-9159
2093-0569
- Abstract
- Background: Nefopam is a non-opioid, non-steroidal analgesic drug with fewer adverse effects than narcotic analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and is widely used for postoperative pain control. Because nefopam sometimes causes side effects such as nausea, vomiting, somnolence, hyperhidrosis and injection-related pain, manufacturers are advised to infuse it slowly, over a duration of 15 minutes. Nevertheless, pain at the injection site is very common. Therefore, we investigated the effect of warmed carrier fluid on nefopam injection-induced pain. Methods: A total of 48 patients were randomly selected and allocated to either a control or a warming group. Warming was performed by diluting 40 mg of nefopam in 100 ml of normal saline heated to 31-32°C using two fluid warmers. The control group was administered 40 mg of nefopam dissolved in 100 ml of normal saline stored at room temperature (21-22°C) through the fluid warmers, but the fluid warmers were not activated. Results: The pain intensity was lower in the warming group than in the control group (P < 0.001). The pain severity and tolerance measurements also showed statistically significant differences between groups (P < 0.001). In the analysis of vital signs before and after the injection, the mean blood pressure after the injection differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.005), but the heart rate did not. The incidence of hypertension also showed a significant difference between groups (P = 0.017). Conclusions: Use of warmed carrier fluid for nefopam injection decreased injection-induced pain compared to mildly cool carrier fluid.
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