Realization and experimental validation of multi-material 4D-printed self-actuating structures with two morphing phases

Abstract

4D printing has gained attention in engineering for its ability to introduce innovative functionalities in printed structures through shape-morphing. However, challenges persist in designing and fabricating intricate structures, mainly due to the complex task of controlling variables affecting morphing characteristics. To overcome these obstacles, the method of multi-material 4D printing is employed to create complex structures through a two-phase morphing process. This research focuses on using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PCABS), exploiting the difference in their glass transition temperatures to achieve distinct morphing phases. The study conducts finite element analyses to predict accurate geometric changes in response to temperature changes. Experimental validation is done by fabricating various structures and applying thermal stimulation to realize desired morphing phases. The study results in the design and fabrication of multiple multi-material structures, showcasing both their functionality and intricate geometric complexity.