Fluorescent nanomaterials for the detection of chronic kidney disease

Abstract

The preliminary identification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is crucial because of its high-risk factors for complications. Currently, diverse forms of chronic kidney disease biomarkers (CKDBs) (e.g., serum creatinine [CR], kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and cystatin C [cys C]) are available for the medical assessment of kidney diseases. The fluorescent (FL) nanomaterials (NMs) possess numerous unparallel attributes such as high sensitivity, accuracy, scalability, and facile recognition of target CKDBs. A combination of FL NMs with the aforementioned CKDBs can greatly enhance their sensing potential in various respects. This review delineates the recent developments in FL NMs-based sensors for CKDBs along with their performance evaluation based on the fundamental quality assurance metrics (e.g., limit of detection, linear dynamic range, Stern-Volmer quenching coefficient, and figure of merit tools). Future challenges in FL NMs for sensing CKDBs such as point-of-care detection have also been presented.