Creating ultra-strong and recyclable green plastics from marine-sourced alginate-chitosan nanowhisker nanocomposites for controlled release urea fertilizer

Abstract

In response to the pressing environmental challenge posed by petroleum-derived plastics, the development of green plastics derived from all-biomass nanocomposites offers promising solutions. However, conventional nanocomposites often prioritize enhanced stiffness at the expense of flexibility. We introduce sodium alginate (SA)/chitosan nanowhisker (CSW) nanocomposites, derived entirely from marine-sourced all-biomass, to create ultra-strong and flexible green plastics. Through the synergistic interaction between SA and CSW, these nanocomposites demonstrate simultaneous stiffening and toughening, overcoming the traditional trade-off. Two key mechanisms contribute: geometric reinforcement from the needle-like structure of CSW and electrostatic reinforcement at the interface between oppositely charged CSW and SA. Compared to control SA, the SA/CSW nanocomposites exhibit remarkable enhancements in tensile modulus, strength, and stretchability, by 49%, 85%, and 55%, respectively (7.6 GPa, 223.3 MPa, 14.7%). Cellulose nanocrystals, serving as a control, only stiffen the nanocomposites, adhering to the typical trade-off. Biodegradability in compost can be tailored based on the type of nanofillers. Due to the water resistance of CSW, SA/CSW nanocomposites are proven effective for the controlled release of urea fertilizer in agricultural applications. With recyclability and superior mechanical properties, these marine-sourced green plastics offer a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics, promising significant impact in the eco-plastic industry.