Study on the Influence of Protector Design on the Biomechanical Characteristics of Knee Joint Movement

Abstract

To investigate how knee joint protector design affects the biomechanical characteristics of knee motion under various activities, this pilot study (n = 5) examined how knee joint protector design modulates knee biomechanics across walking, jogging, squatting, and sit-to-stand tasks using optical motion capture and AnyBody musculoskeletal modeling (FullBody_GRFPrediction). We quantified knee flexion kinematics, model-estimated joint reaction forces and moments, and model-estimated muscle activity of eight lower-limb muscles under four conditions with different levels of structural constraint: no protector (Pro.off), a conventional sleeve-type protector (Pro.a), a segmented support protector (Pro.b), and a wrapping fixation protector (Pro.c). The biomechanical protective performance of the knee joint protector was task- and phase-dependent. The results showed that Pro.a optimized muscle activation. Pro.b increased sagittal-plane design but increased joint loading and muscle activity. Pro.c induced noticeable distal compensation along the kinetic chain. The findings revealed that protector effects were task-dependent. Dynamic tasks mainly affected coronal-plane stability parameters, whereas quasi-static tasks more clearly altered sagittal load distribution. In this study, biomechanical protective performance is defined as reduced knee joint loading without disproportionate increases in model-estimated muscle activity or excessive loss of functional knee flexion range. Under this definition, greater structural constraint did not consistently produce a more favorable biomechanical profile. These results provide a feasibility baseline for task-specific protector evaluation and motivate confirmatory studies with larger cohorts and experimental validation. This study provides theoretical and methodological insights to guide future design and optimization of knee joint protectors.