Node assigned physics-informed neural networks for thermal–hydraulic system simulation: CVH/FL/HS modules

Abstract

Severe accidents (SAs) in nuclear power plants have been analyzed using thermal–hydraulic (TH) system codes such as MELCOR and MAAP. These codes efficiently simulate the progression of SAs, while they still have inherent limitations due to their inconsistent finite difference schemes. The use of empirical schemes incorporating both implicit and explicit formulations inherently induces unidirectional coupling in multi-physics analyses. The objective of this study is to develop a novel numerical method for TH system codes using physics-informed neural network (PINN). They have shown strength in solving multi-physics due to the innate feature of neural networks—automatic differentiation. We propose a node-assigned PINN (NA-PINN) that is suitable for the control volume approach-based system codes. NA-PINN addresses the issue of spatial governing equation variation by assigning an individual network to each nodalization of the system code, such that spatial information is excluded from both the input and output domains, and each subnetwork learns to approximate a purely temporal solution. In this phase, we evaluated the accuracy of the PINN methods for the hydrodynamic module. In the 6 water tank simulation, PINN and NA-PINN showed maximum absolute errors of 1.908146 and 0.003757, respectively. It should be noted that only NA-PINN demonstrated acceptable accuracy. The numerical feasibility of NA-PINN was also verified for a longer-term heat transfer case study. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to successfully implement a system code using PINN. Our future work involves extending NA-PINN to a multi-physics solver and developing it in a surrogate manner. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.