청나라의 조선침공과 기마전

Abstract

The Qing Dynasty invaded Chosun twice in the early 17th century. At that time, as the Chosun army used the strategy of fortress‐defending battle, the Qing army encircled the castle with the minimum force, and the main force concentrated on occupying militarily strategic places such as Anju and Pyeongyang. Qing’s invasion in 1627 is divided into: ① battles at Euijuseong and Changseong‐jin; ② battles at Yonggol‐sanseong in Yongcheon; and ③ battles at Neunghan‐sanseong in Gwaksan. In these battles, tens of thousands of residents and soldiers, who gathered into the castles according to the tactic of Cheongyaipbo (empty the plains and lock the gate of the castle firmly) and, on the other hand, the Chosun army made sallies and waged cavalry battles outside the castles. At that time,Chosun won most of siege battles for defending the castle, but lost cavalry battles outside the castle except that at Yonggolsanseong,where the artillerymen played a big role. Qing’s invasion in 1636 was made by Jurchens, the same people who invaded in 1627. At that time, while the Chosun force defended castles in strategic places according to the tactic of fortress‐defending battle, the Qing army deployed small units of defending force to block the castles and advanced south fast to capital city Hanseong. In Qing’s invasion in 1637, battles happened mainly in two ways, one fortress‐defending battles for defending castles in strategic places, and the other cavalry battles outside a castle. Fortress‐defending battles took place at Cheolong‐seong in Yeongbyeon and Namhan‐sanseong. Chosun won all of fortress‐defending battles, but lost cavalry battles outside a castle. On the other hand, Chosun’s Royal Guard won two cavalry battles outside a castle. At the battle in Mt. Baekjeon, a thousand artillerymen were deployed on the spearhead line, and at the battle in Mt. Gwanggyo in Suwon, the Royal Guard brought the Qing chivalry under control by firing guns called Hojun‐po. After all, the Royal Guard was defeated at one battle and retreated at the other because the Qing army attacked the Royal Guard from the rear using its swift mobility.