Accurate Machine-Learning-Based classification of Leukemia from Blood Smear Images

Abstract

The diagnosis of blood cancer type is complex and is prone to error. To address this problem, we developed a machine learning based real-time automated diagnostic system to assist the medical care workers. The system was trained over a collection of microscopic blood smear image acquired from a hospital using support vector machine. The testing, and validation accuracy of the query system was about, 97.69%, and 97.5%, in diagnosing the leukemia types respectively Background: Conventional identification of blood disorders based on visual inspection of blood smears through microscope is time consuming, error-prone and is limited by hematologist's physical acuity. Therefore, an automated optical image processing system is required to support the clinical decision-making. Materials and Methods: Blood smear slides (n = 250) were prepared from clinical samples, imaged and analyzed in Jimma Medical Center, Hematology department. Samples were collected, analyzed and preserved from out and in-patients. The system was able to categorize four common types of leukemia's such as acute and chronic myeloid leukemia; and acute and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, through a robust image segmentation protocol, followed by classification using the support vector machine. Results: The system was able to classify leukemia types with an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of 97.69%, 97.86% and 100%, respectively for the test datasets, and 97.5%, 98.55% and 100%, respectively, for the validation datasets. In addition, the system also showed an accuracy of 94.75% for the WBC counts that include both lymphocytes and monocytes. The computer-assisted diagnosis system took less than one minute for processing and assigning the leukemia types, compared to an average period of 30 minutes by unassisted manual approaches. Moreover, the automated system complements the healthcare workers' in their efforts, by improving the accuracy rates in diagnosis from similar to 70% to over 97%. Conclusion: Importantly, our module is designed to assist the healthcare facilities in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa, equipped with fewer experienced medical experts, especially in screening patients for blood associated diseases including leukemia. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.