Electric Field-Responsive Gold Nanoantennas for the Induction of a Locoregional Tumor pH Change Using Electrolytic Ablation Therapy

Abstract

Electrolytic ablation (EA) is a burgeoning treatment for solid tumors, in which electrical energy catalyzes a chemical reaction to generate reactive species that can eradicate cancer cells. However, the application of this technique has been constrained owing to the limited spatial effectiveness and complexity of the electrode designs. Therefore, the incorporation of nanotechnology into EA is anticipated to be a significant improvement. Herein, we present a therapeutic approach based on difructose dianhydride IV-conjugated polyethylenimine-polyethylene glycol-modified gold nanorods as electric nanoantennas and nanoelectrocatalysts for EA. We demonstrate that square-wave direct current (DC) fields trigger a reaction between water molecules and chloride ions on the gold nanorod surface, generating electrolytic products including hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine gases near the electrodes, changing the pH, and inducing cell death. These electric nanoantennas showed significant efficacy in treating colorectal cancer both in vitro and in vivo after DC treatment. These findings clearly indicate that gold nanoantennas enhance the effectiveness of EA by creating a localized electric field and catalyzing electrolytic reactions for the induction of locoregional pH changes within the tumor. By overcoming the limitations of traditional EA and offering an enhanced level of tumor specificity and control, this nanotechnology-integrated approach advances further innovations in cancer therapies.