일본사회의 공유자원 관리방식: 이즈 시모다시 지역의 사례 연구

Abstract

Japanese in the rural area have maintained a traditional CPRs (common-pool resources) known as the Iriai system. One of the most outstanding features of the Iriai system corresponds to the village's autonomous tradition which prefers the community's benefit to individuals, and its decision-making is based upon unanimity as its principle. The CPR cases of Shimoda-city originate from the collective property of villages far before the Great Merger of Meizi period at the end of the 19th century. The Merger of the region was followed by the integration of Iriai forests. This enabled local government to appropriate forests previously owned by villages, most of which were Iriai forests. But some villages rejected the merger because they did not want to part with their Iriai forests. This compelled the government to allow villages to maintain their rights to the forest by establishing a special financial ward (Zaisanku). Some Iriai rights holders who were not willing to hand over their forests to the government established new ownership, and they have made various management system of CPR. The various CPR systems or the Iriai systems of Japan are an outcome of compromise with customary law and modernization policy which would separate public ownership and individual ownership.