Effects of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Neuro-Feedback Training on Cognitive Function: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background: Recently, numerous studies on non-invasive neuro-feedback training for improving cog-nitive function have been explored to identify its feasibility. However, little is known about the clinical efficacy of functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based neuro-feedback (fNIRS-based NF) training in individuals with or without cognitive impairment.Method: Studies on fNIRS-based NF training were searched through Embase, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, PsychINFO, and Google scholar and then four studies were finally selected. The overall cogni-tive domains, working memory, and executive function were separately pooled to investigate fNIRS-based NF training's effect size.Results: The overall effect on cognitive outcomes across four studies was large (Hedges'g = 0.682, con-fidence interval (CI) = 0.079-1.285) without publication bias. Moderate to large effects were found for working memory (Hedges'g = 1.143) and executive function (Hedges'g = 0.406) without publication bias. fNIRS-based NF training was beneficial in improving working memory and executive function.Conclusion: Therefore, this finding shed new light on fNIRS-based NF training as a promising treatment for improving cognitive function.Copyright (c) 2022, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical Care Medicine.